---
title: Tavily Extract
---

[Tavily](https://tavily.com) is a search engine built specifically for AI agents (LLMs), delivering real-time, accurate, and factual results at speed. Tavily offers an [Extract](https://docs.tavily.com/api-reference/endpoint/extract) endpoint that can be used to extract content from a URLs.

## Overview

### Integration details

| Class                                                         | Package                                                        | Serializable | [JS support](https://js.langchain.com/docs/integrations/tools/tavily_extract/) |  Version |
|:--------------------------------------------------------------|:---------------------------------------------------------------| :---: | :---: | :---: |
| [TavilyExtract](https://github.com/tavily-ai/langchain-tavily) | [langchain-tavily](https://pypi.org/project/langchain-tavily/) | ✅ | ✅  |  ![PyPI - Version](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/langchain-tavily?style=flat-square&label=%20) |

### Tool features

| [Returns artifact](/oss/how-to/tool_artifacts/) | Native async |                       Return data                        | Pricing |
| :---: | :---: |:--------------------------------------------------------:| :---: |
| ❌ | ✅ | raw content and images | 1,000 free searches / month |

## Setup

The integration lives in the `langchain-tavily` package.

```python
%pip install -qU langchain-tavily
```

```output
Note: you may need to restart the kernel to use updated packages.
```

### Credentials

We also need to set our Tavily API key. You can get an API key by visiting [this site](https://app.tavily.com/sign-in) and creating an account.

```python
import getpass
import os

if not os.environ.get("TAVILY_API_KEY"):
    os.environ["TAVILY_API_KEY"] = getpass.getpass("Tavily API key:\n")
```

## Instantiation

The tool accepts various parameters during instantiation:

- `extract_depth` (optional, str): The depth of the extraction, either "basic" or "advanced". Default is "basic ".
- `include_images` (optional, bool): Whether to include images in the extraction. Default is False.

For a comprehensive overview of the available parameters, refer to the [Tavily Extract API documentation](https://docs.tavily.com/documentation/api-reference/endpoint/extract)

```python
from langchain_tavily import TavilyExtract

tool = TavilyExtract(
    extract_depth="basic",
    include_images=False,
)
```

## Invocation

### [Invoke directly with args](/oss/langchain/tools)

The Tavily extract tool accepts the following arguments during invocation:

- `urls` (required): A list of URLs to extract content from.
- Both `extract_depth` and `include_images` can also be set during invocation

NOTE: The optional arguments are available for agents to dynamically set, if you set an argument during instantiation and then invoke the tool with a different value, the tool will use the value you passed during invocation.

```python
tool.invoke({"urls": ["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi"]})
```

```output
{'results': [{'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi',
   'raw_content': 'Lionel Messi - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar hide\nNavigation\n\nMain page\nContents\nCurrent events\nRandom article\nAbout Wikipedia\nContact us\n\nContribute\n\nHelp\nLearn to edit\nCommunity portal\nRecent changes\nUpload file\nSpecial pages\n\n  \nSearch\nSearch\nAppearance\n\nDonate\nCreate account\nLog in\n\nPersonal tools\n\nDonate\nCreate account\nLog in\n\nPages for logged out editors learn more\n\nContributions\nTalk\n\nContents\nmove to sidebar hide\n\n(Top)\n\n1 Early life\n\n\n2 Youth careerToggle Youth career subsection\n\n\n2.1 Newell\'s Old Boys\n\n\n2.2 Barcelona\n\n\n\n\n3 Club careerToggle Club career subsection\n\n\n3.1 Barcelona\n\n\n3.1.1 2004–2008: Rise to the first team\n\n\n3.1.2 2008–2012: Success under Pep Guardiola\n\n\n3.1.3 2012–2014: Record-breaking year and Messidependencia\n\n\n3.1.4 2014–2017: Arrival of Luis Enrique and birth of MSN\n\n\n3.1.5 2017–2021: Final years at Barcelona\n\n\n\n\n3.2 Paris Saint-Germain\n\n\n3.3 Inter Miami\n\n\n\n\n4 International career\n\n\n5 Player profileToggle Player profile subsection\n\n\n5.1 Style of play\n\n\n5.2 Tactical positioning\n\n\n\n\n6 ReceptionToggle Reception subsection\n\n\n6.1 Comparisons with Cristiano Ronaldo\n\n\n6.2 Comparisons with Diego Maradona\n\n\n\n\n7 In popular cultureToggle In popular culture subsection\n\n\n7.1 Popularity\n\n\n7.2 Wealth and sponsorships\n\n\n7.3 Philanthropy\n\n\n7.4 Public art\n\n\n7.5 Media\n\n\n7.6 Business ventures\n\n\n\n\n8 Personal lifeToggle Personal life subsection\n\n\n8.1 Family and relationships\n\n\n8.2 Tax fraud\n\n\n\n\n9 Career statisticsToggle Career statistics subsection\n\n\n9.1 Club\n\n\n9.2 International\n\n\n\n\n10 Honours\n\n\n11 See also\n\n\n12 Notes\n\n\n13 References\n\n\n14 External links\n\n\nToggle the table of contents\nLionel Messi\n179 languages\n\nAfrikaans\nአማርኛ\nÆnglisc\nАԥсшәа\nالعربية\nAragonés\nԱրեւմտահայերէն\nঅসমীয়া\nAsturianu\nAvañe\'ẽ\nAzərbaycanca\nتۆرکجه\nBasa Bali\nবাংলা\nBanjar\n閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú\nБашҡортса\nБеларуская\nБеларуская (тарашкевіца)\nBikol Central\nБългарски\nBoarisch\nབོད་ཡིག\nBosanski\nBrezhoneg\nCatalà\nЧӑвашла\nCebuano\nČeština\nChi-Chewa\nCorsu\nCymraeg\nDagbanli\nDansk\nالدارجة\nDeutsch\nडोटेली\nEesti\nΕλληνικά\nEmiliàn e rumagnòl\nEspañol\nEsperanto\nEstremeñu\nEuskara\nفارسی\nFøroyskt\nFrançais\nFrysk\nGaeilge\nGaelg\nGalego\nGĩkũyũ\nگیلکی\nगोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni\n한국어\nHausa\nHawaiʻi\nՀայերեն\nहिन्दी\nHrvatski\nBahasa Hulontalo\nIdo\nBahasa Indonesia\nInterlingue\nИрон\nIsiZulu\nÍslenska\nItaliano\nעברית\nJawa\nKalaallisut\nಕನ್ನಡ\nKapampangan\nქართული\nकॉशुर / کٲشُر\nҚазақша\nKiswahili\nKreyòl ayisyen\nKurdî\nКыргызча\nLadino\nລາວ\nLatina\nLatviešu\nLëtzebuergesch\nЛезги\nLietuvių\nLimburgs\nMagyar\nमैथिली\nМакедонски\nMalagasy\nമലയാളം\nMalti\nमराठी\nმარგალური\nمصرى\nمازِرونی\nBahasa Melayu\nꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ\nMinangkabau\nМокшень\nМонгол\nမြန်မာဘာသာ\nNaijá\nNederlands\nNedersaksies\nनेपाली\n日本語\nNapulitano\nNorsk bokmål\nNorsk nynorsk\nOccitan\nОлык марий\nଓଡ଼ିଆ\nOʻzbekcha / ўзбекча\nਪੰਜਾਬੀ\nپنجابی\nپښتو\nភាសាខ្មែរ\nPolski\nPortuguês\nQaraqalpaqsha\nReo tahiti\nRomână\nRuna Simi\nРусиньскый\nРусский\nСаха тыла\nᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ\nScots\nShqip\nSicilianu\nSimple English\nSlovenčina\nSlovenščina\nŚlůnski\nSoomaaliga\nکوردی\nСрпски / srpski\nSrpskohrvatski / српскохрватски\nSunda\nSuomi\nSvenska\nTagalog\nதமிழ்\nTaclḥit\nTaqbaylit\nТатарча / tatarça\nతెలుగు\nTetun\nไทย\nТоҷикӣ\nTürkçe\nTürkmençe\nTyap\nТыва дыл\nУкраїнська\nاردو\nVèneto\nTiếng Việt\nVolapük\nVõro\nWalon\nWest-Vlams\nWinaray\n吴语\nייִדיש\nYorùbá\n粵語\nZazaki\n中文\nBetawi\nKadazandusun\nGhanaian Pidgin\nKʋsaal\nIsiNdebele seSewula\nTolışi\nⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ\n\nEdit links\n\nArticle\nTalk\n\nEnglish\n\nRead\nView source\nView history\n\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar hide\nActions\n\nRead\nView source\nView history\n\nGeneral\n\nWhat links here\nRelated changes\nUpload file\nPermanent link\nPage information\nCite this page\nGet shortened URL\nDownload QR code\n\nPrint/export\n\nDownload as PDF\nPrintable version\n\nIn other projects\n\nWikimedia Commons\nWikinews\nWikiquote\nWikidata item\n\nAppearance\nmove to sidebar hide\n\n\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nArgentine footballer (born 1987)\n"Messi" redirects here. For other uses, see Messi (disambiguation).\nLionel MessiMessi with Argentina at the 2022 FIFA World CupPersonal informationFull nameLionel Andrés Messi[1]Date of birth(1987-06-24) 24 June 1987 (age\xa037)[1]Place of birthRosario, ArgentinaHeight1.70\xa0m (5\xa0ft 7\xa0in)[1]Position(s)ForwardTeam informationCurrent teamInter MiamiNumber10Youth career1992–1995Grandoli1995–2000Newell\'s Old Boys2000–2004BarcelonaSenior career*YearsTeamApps(Gls)2003–2004Barcelona C10(5)2004–2005Barcelona B22(6)2004–2021Barcelona520(474)2021–2023Paris Saint-Germain58(22)2023–Inter Miami26(21)International career‡2004–2005Argentina U2018(14)2008Argentina U235[α](2)2005–Argentina191(112)Medal recordbody.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}Men\'s footballRepresenting \xa0ArgentinaFIFA World Cup2022 Qatar2014 BrazilCopa América2021 Brazil2024 United States2007 Venezuela2015 Chile2016 United States2019 BrazilFinalissima2022 EnglandOlympic Games2008 BeijingTeamFIFA U-20 World Cup2005 NetherlandsSouth American U-20 Championship2005 ColombiaWebsitemessi.comSignature*Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 09:00, 23 February 2025 (UTC)‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 08:41, 20 November 2024 (UTC)\n| \nThis article is part of a series aboutLionel Messi\n|\n| --- |\n| \nArgentine professional footballer\n\nCareer\nInternational goals\nAchievements\nRivalry with Cristiano Ronaldo\nNew Maradona\n\n\nEponyms and public art\n\nCougar\nDog\nLiolaemus messii\nSistine Chapel of Football\n\n\nMedia\n\nMessi (2014)\nMessi (2017)\nMessi and Maud (2017)\nTake the Ball Pass the Ball (2018)\nMessi\'s World Cup: The Rise of a Legend (2024)\n\n\nFamily\n\nAntonela Roccuzzo\nMaxi Biancucchi\nEmanuel Biancucchi\n\n\nRelated\n\nHong Kong v Inter Miami\nMás+\n\n|\n| \n\nv\nt\ne\n\n|\nLionel Andrés "Leo" Messi[note 1] (Spanish pronunciation: [ljoˈnel anˈdɾes ˈmesi] ⓘ; born 24 June 1987) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a forward for and captains both Major League Soccer club Inter Miami and the Argentina national team. Widely regarded as one of the greatest players of all time, Messi set numerous records for individual accolades won throughout his professional footballing career such as eight Ballon d\'Or awards and four the Best FIFA Men\'s Player awards.[note 2] He is the most decorated player in the history of professional football having won 45 team trophies,[note 3] including twelve league titles, four UEFA Champions Leagues, two Copa Américas, and one FIFA World Cup. Messi holds the records for most European Golden Shoes (6), most goals in a calendar year (91), most goals for a single club (672, with Barcelona), most goals (474), hat-tricks (36) and assists (192) in La Liga, most assists (18) and goal contributions (32) in the Copa América, most goal contributions (21) in the World Cup, most international appearances (191) and international goals (112) by a South American male, and the second-most in the latter category outright. A prolific goalscorer and creative playmaker, Messi has scored over 850 senior career goals and has provided over 380 assists for club and country.[16]\nBorn in Rosario, Argentina, Messi relocated to Spain to join Barcelona at age 13, and made his competitive debut at age 17 in October 2004. He gradually established himself as an integral player for the club, and during his first uninterrupted season at age 22 in 2008–09 he helped Barcelona achieve the first treble in Spanish football. This resulted in Messi winning the first of four consecutive Ballons d\'Or, and by the 2011–12 season he would set La Liga and European records for most goals in a season and establish himself as Barcelona\'s all-time top scorer. The following two seasons, he finished second for the Ballon d\'Or behind Cristiano Ronaldo, his perceived career rival. However, he regained his best form during the 2014–15 campaign, where he became the all-time top scorer in La Liga, led Barcelona to a historic second treble, and won a fifth Ballon d\'Or in 2015. He assumed Barcelona\'s captaincy in 2018 and won a record sixth Ballon d\'Or in 2019. During his overall tenure at Barcelona, Messi won a club-record 34 trophies, including ten La Liga titles and four Champions Leagues, among others. Financial difficulties at Barcelona led to Messi signing with French club Paris Saint-Germain in August 2021, where he would win the Ligue 1 title during both of his seasons there. He joined Major League Soccer club Inter Miami in July 2023.\nAn Argentine international, Messi is the national team\'s all-time leading goalscorer and most-capped player. His style of play as a diminutive, left-footed dribbler drew career-long comparisons with compatriot Diego Maradona, who described Messi as his successor. At the youth level, he won the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship and gold medal in the 2008 Summer Olympics. After his senior debut in 2005, Messi became the youngest Argentine to play and score in a World Cup in 2006. Assuming captaincy in 2011, he then led Argentina to three consecutive finals in the 2014 FIFA World Cup, the 2015 Copa América and the Copa América Centenario, all of which they would lose. After initially announcing his international retirement in 2016, he returned to help his country narrowly qualify for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, which they would exit early. Messi and the national team finally broke Argentina\'s 28-year trophy drought by winning the 2021 Copa América, which helped him secure his seventh Ballon d\'Or that year. He then led Argentina to win the 2022 Finalissima, as well as the 2022 FIFA World Cup, his country\'s third overall world championship and first in 36 years. This followed with a record-extending eighth Ballon d\'Or in 2023, and a victory in the 2024 Copa América.\nMessi has endorsed sportswear company Adidas since 2006. According to France Football, he was the world\'s highest-paid footballer for five years out of six between 2009 and 2014, and was ranked the world\'s highest-paid athlete by Forbes in 2019 and 2022. Messi was among Time\'s 100 most influential people in the world in 2011, 2012, and 2023. In 2020 and 2023, he was named the Laureus World Sportsman of the Year, the first team-sport athlete to win it. In 2020, Messi was named to the Ballon d\'Or Dream Team and became the second footballer and second team-sport athlete to surpass $1\xa0billion in career earnings. Following his arrival and impact on football in the US, Messi was named Time\'s Athlete of the Year in 2023, and in the following year was bestowed with the Presidential Medal of Freedom by decision of the president of the United States.\nEarly life\n\nMessi\'s childhood home in Rosario, Santa Fe.\nMessi was born on 24 June 1987 in Rosario, Santa Fe Province,[17] the third of four children of Jorge Messi, a steel factory manager, and his wife Celia Cuccittini, who worked in a magnet manufacturing workshop. On his father\'s side, he is of Italian and Spanish descent, the great-grandson of immigrants from the north-central Adriatic Marche region of Italy, and on his mother\'s side, he has primarily Italian ancestry.[3] Growing up in a tight-knit, football-loving family, "Leo" developed a passion for the sport from an early age, playing constantly with his older brothers, Rodrigo and Matías, and his cousins, Maximiliano and Emanuel Biancucchi, both of whom became professional footballers.[18] At the age of four he joined local club Grandoli, where he was coached by his father, though his earliest influence as a player came from his maternal grandmother, Celia, who accompanied him to training and matches.[19] He was greatly affected by her death, shortly before his eleventh birthday; since then, as a devout Catholic, he has celebrated his goals by looking up and pointing to the sky in tribute to his grandmother.[20]\[21]\nYouth career\nNewell\'s Old Boys\n\n"When you saw him you would think: this kid can\'t play ball. He\'s a dwarf, he\'s too fragile, too small. But immediately you\'d realise that he was born different, that he was a phenomenon and that he was going to be something impressive."\n\n– Newell\'s Old Boys youth coach Adrián Coria shares his first impression of the 12-year-old Messi.[22]\nA lifelong supporter of Newell\'s Old Boys, Messi joined the Rosario club when he was seven years old. During the six years he played for Newell\'s, he scored almost 500 goals as a member of "The Machine of \'87", the near-unbeatable youth side named for the year of their birth, and regularly entertained crowds by performing ball tricks during half-time of the first team\'s home games.[23]\[24]\[25] His goalscoring idol growing up was Brazilian striker Ronaldo, with Messi calling him "the best forward I\'ve ever seen".[26]\nHowever, his future as a professional player was threatened when, aged 10, he was diagnosed with a growth hormone deficiency. As his father\'s health insurance covered only two years of growth hormone therapy, which cost at least $1,000 per month, Newell\'s agreed to contribute, but later reneged on their promise.[27] He was scouted by Buenos Aires club River Plate, whose playmaker Pablo Aimar he idolised.[28]\[29] It was speculated that he failed to sign with River Plate due to his ill health; however, in a 2019 interview, Messi revealed that River Plate had offered to pay for his medical treatment after he scored four goals at a trial. River wanted to sign him, but Newell\'s Old Boys, who had refused to pay for his treatment, also refused to release his player card, preventing the transfer.[30]\nBarcelona\n\nMessi enrolled at Barcelona\'s youth academy, La Masia, aged 13.\nAs the Messi family had relatives in Catalonia, they sought to arrange a trial with Barcelona in September 2000. First-team director Charly Rexach immediately wanted to sign him, but the board of directors hesitated; at the time it was highly unusual for European clubs to sign foreign players of such a young age. On 14 December, an ultimatum was issued for Barcelona to prove their commitment, and Rexach, with no other paper at hand, offered a contract on a paper napkin.[28]\[31] In February 2001, the family relocated to Barcelona, where they moved into an apartment near the club\'s stadium, Camp Nou. During his first year in Spain, Messi rarely played with the Infantiles due to a transfer conflict with Newell\'s; as a foreigner, he could only be fielded in friendlies and the Catalan league. Without football, he struggled to integrate into the team; already reserved by nature, he was so quiet that his teammates initially believed he was mute. At home, he suffered from homesickness after his mother moved back to Rosario with his brothers and little sister, María Sol, while he stayed in Barcelona with his father.[23]\[31]\[32]\nAfter a year at Barcelona\'s youth academy, La Masia, Messi was finally enrolled in the Royal Spanish Football Federation (RFEF) in February 2002. Now playing in all competitions, he befriended his teammates, among whom were Cesc Fàbregas and Gerard Piqué.[33] After completing his growth hormone therapy aged 14,[34] Messi became an integral part of the "Baby Dream Team", Barcelona\'s greatest-ever youth side. During his first full season (2002–03), he was top scorer with 36 goals in 30 games for the Cadetes A, who won an unprecedented treble of the league and both the Spanish and Catalan cups.[33]\[35] The Copa Catalunya final, a 4–1 victory over Espanyol, became known in club lore as the partido de la máscara, the final of the mask. A week after suffering a broken cheekbone during a league match, Messi was allowed to start the game on the condition that he wear a plastic protector; soon hindered by the mask, he took it off and scored two goals in 10 minutes before his substitution.[36] At the close of the season, he received an offer to join Arsenal, his first from a foreign club, but while Fàbregas and Piqué soon left for England, he chose to remain in Barcelona.[31]\[37]\[38]\nMessi continued to progress through the club\'s ranks at a rapid pace, debuting for four youth teams during the 2003–04 season.[39] After being named player of the tournament in four international pre-season competitions with the Juvenil B, he played only one official match with the team before being promoted to the Juvenil A, where he scored 18 goals in 11 league games.[40]\[41] Messi was then one of several youth players called up to strengthen a depleted first team during the international break. French winger Ludovic Giuly explained how Messi caught the eye in a training session with Frank Rijkaard\'s first team: "He destroyed us all... They were kicking him all over the place to avoid being ridiculed by this kid, he just got up and kept on playing. He would dribble past four players and score a goal. Even the team\'s starting centre-backs were nervous. He was an alien."[42]\n\n"It seemed as if he had been playing with us all his life."\n\n– Barcelona\'s then assistant coach Henk ten Cate on Messi\'s first-team debut.[43]\nAt 16 years, four months, and 23 days old, Messi made his first-team debut when he came on in the 75th minute during a friendly against José Mourinho\'s Porto on 16 November 2003.[31]\[44] His performance, creating two chances and a shot on goal, impressed the technical staff, and he subsequently began training daily with the club\'s reserve side, Barcelona B, as well as weekly with the first team.[45] After his first training session with the senior squad, Barça\'s new star player, Ronaldinho, told his teammates that he believed the 16-year-old would become an even better player than himself.[46] Ronaldinho soon befriended Messi, whom he called "little brother", which greatly eased his transition into the first team.[47]\[48]\nTo gain further match experience, Messi joined Barcelona C in addition to the Juvenil A, playing his first game for the third team on 29 November. He helped save them from the relegation zone of the Tercera División, scoring five goals in ten games, including a hat-trick in eight minutes during a Copa del Rey match while man-marked by Sevilla\'s Sergio Ramos.[40]\[49] His progress was reflected in his first professional contract, signed on 4 February 2004, which lasted until 2012 and contained an initial buyout clause of €30\xa0million. A month later, on 6 March, he made his debut for Barcelona B in the Segunda División B, and his buyout clause automatically increased to €80\xa0million.[40]\[50] He played five games with the B team that season but did not score.[51] Physically he was weaker than his opponents, who were often much older and taller, and in training he worked on increasing his muscle mass and overall strength in order to be able to shake off defenders. Towards the end of the season, he returned to both youth teams, helping the Juvenil B win the league. He finished the campaign having scored for four of his five teams with a total of 36 goals in all official competitions.[40]\[49]\nClub career\nMain article: Career of Lionel Messi § Club career\nBarcelona\n2004–2008: Rise to the first team\n\nMessi (pictured in 2005) at the age of 18 playing for FC Barcelona, where he played for 17 years.\nMessi began the 2004–05 season as a guaranteed starter for the Barcelona B team, but after some lobbying by the senior players, he was promoted to the first team by manager Frank Rijkaard.[46] He made his La Liga debut for Barcelona on 16 October 2004 against Espanyol,[31] and scored his first senior goal on 1 May 2005 against Albacete, from an assist by Ronaldinho, becoming at that time the youngest-ever scorer for the club.[52]\[53] At 17 years, three months, and 22 days old, he was at the time the youngest player to represent Barcelona in an official competition, and the club won the league title during that season.[48]\[54]\nOn his 18th birthday, he signed his first contract as a senior team player, which was updated three months later to keep him at the club until 2014.[50]\[55] Barcelona began the 2005–06 season by winning the Supercopa de España without Messi, who was not selected to participate in the competition.[14] By the end of the season, the team won La Liga again as well as the UEFA Champions League, although Messi did not play in the final for the latter due to injury.[56]\[57]\nDuring the 2006–07 season, Messi scored his first hat-trick in a Clásico against Real Madrid, the first player to do so in 12 years.[58] An incredibly finesse goal from Messi against Getafe and another goal scored by a handball against Espanyol gained notice for their similarities to the two famous goals scored by fellow Argentine Diego Maradona in the 1986 World Cup match against England, drawing comparisons between the two that Messi would face throughout his career.[59]\[60]\[61] The team finished the season with only one trophy – the 2006 Supercopa de España. Barcelona finished the next 2007–08 season trophyless, leading to Rijkaard\'s departure.[62]\n2008–2012: Success under Pep Guardiola\nAt the beginning of the 2008–09 season, his first under Barcelona\'s new manager, former captain Pep Guardiola, Messi was given the number 10 shirt.[63] Over time, he effectively became the tactical focal point of Guardiola\'s possession-based system, increasing his goalscoring rate as a result.[64] During that season, Messi scored 38 total goals, and alongside Samuel Eto\'o and Thierry Henry, contributed to a total of 100 goals in all competitions, a record at the time for the club.[65]\[66] Messi played as a false nine for the first time in a Clásico against Real Madrid, setting up his side\'s first goal and scoring twice in the team\'s greatest-ever score at Santiago Bernabéu Stadium.[67]\[68] He played his first final, winning the Copa del Rey.[69] In addition, Barcelona won the La Liga title and later won the Champions League, thus achieving the first treble in the history of Spanish football.[70]\n\nMessi during the 2009 Joan Gamper Trophy against Manchester City.\nDuring the first half of the 2009–10 season, Barcelona would also win the Supercopa de España, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup, resulting in becoming the first club to achieve the sextuple.[71]\[72] Messi finished as the Champions League top scorer, the youngest in the tournament\'s history.[73] For his efforts in 2009, Messi won the Ballon d\'Or and the FIFA World Player of the Year award.[74] Messi scored a total of 47 goals in all competitions, equaling Ronaldo\'s club record from the 1996–97 campaign.[75]\[76] He finished the season as top scorer in the Champions League,[77] and La Liga, winning his second consecutive league trophy and earned his first European Golden Shoe.[76]\[78]\nIn the 2010–11 campaign, Messi won the Supercopa de España,[79] Champions League,[80] and a third consecutive La Liga title. His club performances in 2010 earned him his second consecutive Ballon d\'Or.[81] Messi was the top scorer in the Champions League, for the third consecutive year,[82] and the league\'s top scorer and assist provider.[83]\[84] He became Barcelona\'s all-time single-season top scorer with 53 goals.[83]\[85]\n\n"I feel sorry for those who want to compete for Messi\'s throne – it\'s impossible, this kid is unique."\n\n– Pep Guardiola after Messi became Barcelona\'s all-time top scorer at the age of 24 in March 2012[86]\nMessi began the 2011–12 season winning both the Spanish and European Super Cups trophies.[87]\[88] At the close of the year, he won the FIFA Club World Cup and earned the Golden Ball for a second time.[89] For his efforts in 2011, he received the FIFA Ballon d\'Or, becoming only the fourth player in history to win the Ballon d\'Or three times,[90] and the inaugural UEFA Best Player in Europe Award.[91] During the year 2012, Messi became the second player to be top scorer in four Champions League campaigns.[92]\[93] Messi became the top goalscorer in Barcelona\'s history at 24 years old, overtaking the 57-year record of César Rodríguez\'s 232 goals with a hat-trick against Granada.[94] He finished the season as league top scorer in Spain and Europe for a second time, with 50 goals, a La Liga record, while his 73 goals in all competitions made him the single-season top scorer in the history of European club football excluding regional and local competitions.[95]\[96] The team would also win the Copa del Rey that season, their 14th trophy under Guardiola, who resigned following the season after a four-year cycle of success.[97]\n2012–2014: Record-breaking year and Messidependencia\n\nMessi scored a record-breaking 91 goals with Argentina (above) and Barcelona (below) in 2012.\nFor the start of the 2012–13 season, Barcelona had virtually secured their La Liga title by the start of 2013.[98] A double scored against Real Betis saw Messi becoming Barcelona\'s all-time top scorer in La Liga, and surpassed Gerd Müller\'s record of most goals scored in a calendar year; Messi would score a record 91 goals in all competitions for Barcelona and Argentina throughout 2012.[99]\[100] Messi again won the FIFA Ballon d\'Or, becoming the first player in history to win the Ballon d\'Or four times.[100]\[101] He signed a new contract committing himself to the club through 2018, and wore the captain\'s armband for the first time in a league match against Rayo Vallecano.[102]\[103]\[104] The team would win La Liga again that year, Messi\'s sixth, equalling Real Madrid\'s 100-point record of the previous season. With 60 goals in all competitions, including 46 goals in La Liga, he finished the campaign as league top scorer in Spain and Europe for the second consecutive year, becoming the first player in history to win the European Golden Shoe three times.[105]\nMessi\'s overall input into the team\'s attack had increased significantly. Whereas he contributed to 24% of the team\'s goals in their treble-winning campaign, this number rose to more than 40% by the end of the 2012–13 season.[106] These statistics, as well as lopsided losses in the Champions League where Messi was unfit, gave credence to the notion of Messidependencia, Barcelona\'s perceived tactical and psychological dependence on their star player.[107]\nTo offset the load on Messi, Barcelona would sign Brazilian forward Neymar from Santos before the 2013–14 season.[108] The team would win the Supercopa de España at the beginning of the season.[109] Messi finished the campaign with his worst output in five seasons, though he still managed to score 41 goals in all competitions.[110] For the first time in five years, Barcelona ended the season without a major trophy.[111]\n2014–2017: Arrival of Luis Enrique and birth of MSN\n\nMessi dribbling past Patrice Evra of Juventus during the 2015 UEFA Champions League final.\nBarcelona hired coach Luis Enrique before the 2014–15 season, and would continue to aid Messi in the attack by signing Uruguayan forward Luis Suárez, who had won the European Golden Shoe the year before at Liverpool.[112]\[113] Luis Enrique\'s system would feature quick transitions from defense to attack, led by the front three of Messi, Suárez and Neymar. The attacking trio, which colloquially became known as \'MSN\', would break goalscoring records.[114] A hat-trick scored against Sevilla earlier in the season would also make him the all-time top scorer in La Liga, as he surpassed the 59-year record of 251 league goals held by Telmo Zarra.[115] After securing the La Liga title, the Copa del Rey, and the Champions League that year, Messi helped Barcelona become the first club to win the continental treble twice.[116]\[117] He would record 58 goals, but combined with Neymar and Suárez, the attacking trio scored a total of 122 goals in all competitions that season, a record in Spanish football.[118]\nMessi opened the 2015–16 season by helping Barcelona\'s win over Sevilla in the UEFA Super Cup.[119] Messi capped off the year by winning the 2015 FIFA Club World Cup final over River Plate in Yokohama, collecting his fifth club trophy of the calendar year.[120] On 11 January 2016, Messi won the FIFA Ballon d\'Or for a record fifth time in his career.[121] He would end the season by winning La Liga as well as the Copa del Rey again.[122] In total, Messi scored 41 goals, and Barcelona\'s attacking trio of him, Neymar and Suárez managed a Spanish record of 131 combined goals throughout the season, breaking the record they had set the previous season.[123]\nThe 2016–17 season would end with Messi winning the Supercopa de España and the Copa del Rey.[124]\[125] He would finish the season with 54 goals, while his 37 goals in La Liga saw him claim both the Pichichi and European Golden Boot Awards for the fourth time in his career.[126] Messi, Neymar and Suárez would combine for 110 goals by season\'s end. Neymar would depart for Paris Saint Germain the next year, leaving the attacking trio with a combined total of 363 goals over the course of three seasons.[127] Luis Enrique would also leave Barcelona at the end of the season after managing the club to a total of nine trophies during his three-year tenure.[128]\n2017–2021: Final years at Barcelona\n\nMessi, wearing the captain\'s armband, against Real Valladolid in 2018.\nMessi would sign a new deal with Barcelona on 25 November 2017, keeping him with the club through 2021.[129] The 2017–18 season saw Messi achieving the domestic double, winning La Liga and the Copa del Rey once again.[130] He once again finished the season as the top scorer in La Liga, with 34 goals, which also saw him win his fifth European Golden Shoe award.[131] With the departure of former captain Andrés Iniesta in May 2018, Messi was named the team\'s new captain for the 2018–19 season.[132] He lifted his first trophy as Barcelona\'s captain, the Supercopa de España, following a 2–1 victory over Sevilla. He helped Barcelona clinch the La Liga title, his tenth but first as captain.[133] With 36 goals in 34 appearances that season, he won his sixth league Golden Boot trophy, equalling Zarra as the player with the most top-scorer awards in La Liga.[134]\[135] He also captured his sixth Golden Shoe award, and a record third consecutive award since the 2016–17 season.[136]\nMessi would win his sixth Ballon d\'Or, but the subsequent 2019–20 season saw Barcelona go trophyless for the first time since 2007–08.[137] Following a disappointing season, Barcelona announced that Messi sent the club "a document expressing his desire to leave", but Messi ultimately decided to fulfill the final year of his contract.[138]\[139] The 2020–21 season saw Messi surpass Xavi\'s record to reach a club record of 768 appearances.[140] He would lead the club to victory in the 2021 Copa del Rey final.[141]\[142] His last two seasons with Barcelona saw him lead La Liga in goal scoring, giving him a record-breaking total of eight Pichichi trophies.[143]\[144]\nMessi became a free agent after his contract expired, with negotiations on a new deal complicated due to Barcelona\'s financial issues.[145]\[146] Barcelona would eventually announce that Messi would not be staying at the club, citing financial and structural obstacles posed by La Liga regulations as a reason for Messi\'s departure.[147]\[148] In a tearful press conference held at the Camp Nou, Messi confirmed that he would be leaving Barcelona.[149]\nParis Saint-Germain\n\nMessi (middle) with PSG team-mates Kylian Mbappé (left) and Neymar.\nOn 10 August 2021, Messi joined Ligue 1 club Paris Saint-Germain (PSG), reuniting him with Neymar, for the 2021–22 season on a two-year deal until June 2023 with an option for an extra year.[150]\[151] Messi chose 30 as his squad number, the same he wore as a teenager when he made his senior debut for Barcelona.[152] He would make his debut with the club against Reims, made his first start and Champions League debut for the club against Club Brugge, and made his home debut in a match against Lyon[153]\[154]\[155] He scored his first goal for the club in a Champions League group stage win over former manager Pep Guardiola\'s Manchester City.[156] Having scored 40 goals at club and international level for the calendar year in addition to captaining Argentina to the 2021 Copa América, Messi received a record seventh Ballon d\'Or.[157] He finished his debut season with PSG with 11 goals and 14 assists across all competitions, helping the club win their 10th Ligue 1 title.[158]\nBeginning the 2022–23 season, Messi would win his second trophy with PSG in the Trophée des Champions.[159] A goal against Nice resulted in him surpassing Cristiano Ronaldo as the all-time highest goalscorer in European club football with 702 goals; during the match, he also achieved 1,000 career direct goal contributions at club level.[160]\[161] By the end of the season, he had 21 goals across all competitors and the highest number of assists in the league with 16, which helped PSG clinch their 11th Ligue 1 title and his second in a row.[162]\[163]\[164] Following the last game of the season, manager Christophe Galtier confirmed that it would be Messi\'s last for PSG, with the club confirming his departure two days later.[165]\nInter Miami\n\nMessi with Inter Miami in the 2023 U.S. Open Cup.\nMajor League Soccer (MLS) club Inter Miami CF announced the signing of Messi on a two-and-a-half-year contract on 15 July 2023.[166]\[167] Messi made his 2023 debut for the club in a Leagues Cup match against Cruz Azul, scoring with a free-kick in stoppage time for a victory.[168] Messi\'s arrival in the US was praised a revelation, on and off the pitch, with his presence being credited for helping to raise the profile of MLS. According to Goal, "Every game that he graces sparks a scramble for tickets, with plenty of A-list guests eager to watch him in action".[169] The frenzy over his arrival was dubbed “Messimania”; Inter Miami\'s No. 10 Messi jersey became the best-selling jersey in the league—and nearly the world.[170]\nAfter scoring nine goals in his first six games for Miami, Messi led the team to the club\'s first-ever trophy by winning the Leagues Cup against Nashville SC.[171] Messi made his MLS debut against the New York Red Bulls.[172] Miami would miss the playoffs, finish 14th in the Eastern Conference, having gone winless in their last seven games.[173] On 30 October 2023, following his World Cup win with Argentina and Ligue 1 trophy with PSG, Messi was awarded a record-extending eighth Ballon d\'Or.[174] He was also named Time Athlete of the Year, the first footballer to ever win the award.[175]\nDuring the 2024 season, Messi broke the record for the most assists in a single MLS game with five assists and he also broke the record for the most goal contributions in an MLS game with six in a 6–2 win over the New York Red Bulls.[176] On 2 October, Messi scored a brace in a 3–2 win over Columbus Crew, clinching the Supporters\' Shield, his 46th trophy.[177] In the final game of the regular season on 19 October against the New England Revolution, Messi scored his first hat-trick for the club in a 6–2 victory. Inter Miami\'s victory over the Revolution also allowed the club to finish with 74 points throughout the regular season, a league record for MLS. He would finish the regular season with 20 goals and 16 assists in 19 matches.[178] In doing so, he became Inter Miami\'s all-time leading goalscorer.[179]\nMiami made its first postseason appearance in the 2024 MLS Cup playoffs but were eliminated in the first round after losing two games against Atlanta United FC. Messi would have his first postseason goal in the third game, a 3–2 loss.[180] He would be named the MLS Most Valuable Player following the conclusion of the regular season.[181]\nInternational career\nMain article: Career of Lionel Messi § International career\nAs a dual Argentine-Spanish national, Messi was eligible to play for the national team of both countries.[182] He debuted for Argentina in 2004 for Argentina\'s U20 team against Paraguay, and was subsequently included in the squad for the 2005 South American U-20 Championship, where they would finish third.[183] Messi would then lead the team to victory in the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship, his first success with Argentina. Finishing the tournament with six goals and two assists, he would also win the Golden Ball.[184]\[185]\[186]\n\nMessi evades Brazil\'s Marcelo in the semi-final of the 2008 Summer Olympics.\nMessi would make his debut with the senior national team in 2005, at age 18, coming off the bench in a friendly against Hungary.[187] Messi would have his first start in 2006 against Peru, and would score his first international goal in a friendly against Croatia.[188]\[189] His World Cup debut came in the 2006 FIFA World Cup as a substitute in the 74th minute against Serbia and Montenegro, assisting one goal and scoring the final one in their victory. This made him the youngest player to represent and score for Argentina in the World Cup.[190] He would represent Argentina again for the 2007 Copa América, where they would ultimately lose in the final. Messi was named the best young player of the tournament, having scored two goals and provided one assist.[191] The 2008 Summer Olympics would mark another major achievement with his country, as he led Argentina\'s U23 team to claim the Olympic gold medal over Nigeria. Messi registered two goals and three assists throughout, and was singled out by FIFA as the stand-out player from the tournament\'s best team.[192]\n\nMessi in his number 10 shirt captaining Argentina in 2012.\nWith the international retirement of Juan Román Riquelme, Messi was given Argentina\'s number 10 shirt.[193] During a 2010 FIFA World Cup group stage match against Greece, where a majority of the starters rested due to a secured place in the knockout rounds, Messi would wear the captain\'s armband for the first time.[194] Argentina were ultimately eliminated in the quarterfinals against Germany during that tournament, but Messi was identified as one of the tournament\'s 10 best players due to his pace and creativity, despite failing to register a single goal and only having one assist.[195] Ahead of the 2011 Copa América, Argentina began building their team around Messi.[196] However, Messi would again be goalless during the tournament but had three assists. The team would ultimately lose to Uruguay in penalties during the quarter-finals.[197]\n\nMessi against Germany in the 2014 FIFA World Cup final.\nFollowing their unsuccessful performance, a 24-year-old Messi would be awarded the captaincy of the squad.[198] The next several years saw many frustrations for Messi due to his inability to lead Argentina to win an international trophy. During the 2014 FIFA World Cup, Messi and Argentina lost to Germany in the final, though Messi was awarded the Golden Ball as the best player of the tournament regardless due to his overall performance with four goals and an assist.[199]\[200] Argentina would lose to Chile on penalties in the 2015 Copa América final the next year. At the close of the tournament, Messi was reportedly selected to receive the Golden Ball award, having scored one goal and provided three assists, but he rejected the honour.[201] In the 2016 Copa América Centenario semi-final against the United States, a goal from Messi would put him ahead of Gabriel Batistuta as Argentina\'s all-time leading goalscorer in international matches.[202] However, Argentina would again fall to Chile on penalties in the final.[203] Messi would have five goals and four assists throughout the tournament.[204]\nLosing three consecutive finals in three consecutive years caused Messi to retire from international football, but a nationwide campaign in Argentina helped convince him to reverse his decision.[203]\[205] He would return to the national team to lead them to the 2018 FIFA World Cup. Argentina were in jeopardy of missing the tournament on the last game of the qualifiers against Ecuador, but a hat-trick from Messi dramatically secured their entry.[206] They would go on to lose to France in the Round of 16 during the World Cup, with Messi having one goal and two assists in the tournament.[207] The next year, Messi would again represent Argentina in the 2019 Copa América, where he registered only a single goal and assist. They would lose to hosts Brazil in the semi-final but ended with a third-place finish after defeating Chile.[208] This victory would mark the beginning of a 36-game unbeaten streak that would last for over three years.[209]\n\nMessi facing off against Érick Gutiérrez of Mexico in the 2022 FIFA World Cup group stage.\nMessi would finally end Argentina\'s 28-year trophy drought in the 2021 Copa América, as they had not won an international tournament since 1993.[210] During a group stage match against Bolivia, he surpassed Javier Mascherano to become Argentina\'s most-capped player.[211] Argentina defeated Brazil in the final, and Messi was named the player of the tournament having been directly involved in nine out of the 12 goals scored by Argentina, scoring four of them and assisting five.[210] He captained Argentina to win another international trophy in the 2022 Finalissima against UEFA Euro 2020 winners Italy, where he was named player of the match after providing two assists.[212] At the 2022 FIFA World Cup, Messi led Argentina to its first World Cup victory in 36 years, scoring twice in the final to defeat France.[213] Having scored seven goals and assisting three during the tournament, Messi would again win the Golden Ball, becoming the first player to win it twice.[214] His appearance in the final also set new records for the most appearances (26) and direct goal contributions (21 – 13 goals and 8 assists) at the World Cup.[215]\nA hat-trick in a 2023 friendly against Curaçao saw Messi reach 100 international goals, the third player and the first South American in history to achieve this milestone.[216] Later that year, a goal against Peru resulted in Messi becoming the all-time top goalscorer in CONMEBOL World Cup qualifiers.[217] During the 2024 Copa América semi-final against Canada, Messi scored his first and only goal of the tournament which also made him the second-highest international goalscorer of all time.[218] Argentina eventually won the final against Colombia for their second consecutive Copa América title, with Messi contributing one goal and assist overall while also setting a new record for most appearances (39) at Copa América.[219]\nPlayer profile\nStyle of play\n\nMessi prepares to shoot with his dominant left foot in the 2014 FIFA World Cup final.\nDue to his short stature, Messi has a lower centre of gravity than taller players, which gives him greater agility, allowing him to change direction more quickly and evade opposing tackles;[220]\[221] this has led the Spanish media to dub him La Pulga Atómica ("The Atomic Flea").[222]\[223]\[224] Despite being physically unimposing, he possesses significant upper-body strength, which, combined with his low centre of gravity and resulting balance, aids him in withstanding physical challenges from opponents; he has consequently been noted for his lack of diving in a sport rife with playacting.[23]\[221]\[225] His short, strong legs allow him to excel in short bursts of acceleration while his quick feet enable him to retain control of the ball when dribbling at speed.[226] His former Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola once stated, "Messi is the only player that runs faster with the ball than he does without it."[227] Although he has improved his ability with his weaker foot since his mid-20s, Messi is predominantly a left-footed player; with the outside of his left foot, he usually begins dribbling runs, while he uses the inside of his foot to finish and provide passes and assists.[228]\[229]\nA prolific goalscorer, Messi is known for his finishing, positioning, quick reactions, and ability to make attacking runs to beat the defensive line. He also functions in a playmaking role, courtesy of his vision and range of passing.[230] He has often been described as a magician; a conjurer, creating goals and opportunities where seemingly none exist.[231]\[232]\[233] Moreover, he is an accurate free kick and penalty kick taker.[221]\[234] As of September 2023, Messi ranks fifth all time in goals scored from direct free kicks with 65,[235] the most among active players.[236] He also has a penchant for scoring from chips.[237]\n\nMessi\'s dribbling abilities allow him to weave past several defenders and orchestrate attacking plays.\nMessi\'s pace and technical ability enable him to undertake individual dribbling runs towards goal, in particular during counterattacks, usually starting from the halfway line or the right side of the pitch.[225]\[234]\[238] He is widely considered to be one of the greatest dribblers of all time.[239]\[240] With regard to this ability, his former Argentina manager Diego Maradona has said of him, "The ball stays glued to his foot; I\'ve seen great players in my career, but I\'ve never seen anyone with Messi\'s ball control."[229] Beyond his individual qualities, he is also a well-rounded, hard-working team player, known for his creative combinations, in particular with former Barcelona midfielders Xavi and Andrés Iniesta.[220]\[221]\nAs his career advanced, and his athleticism and tendency to dribble diminished slightly with age, Messi began to dictate play in deeper areas of the pitch and developed into one of the best passers and playmakers in football history.[241]\[242]\[243] His work-rate off the ball and defensive responsibilities also decreased as his career progressed; by covering less ground on the pitch, and instead conserving his energy for short bursts of speed, he was able to improve his efficiency, movement, and positional play, and was also able to avoid muscular injuries, despite often playing a large number of matches throughout a particular season on a consistent basis. Indeed, while he was injury-prone in his early career, he was later able to improve his injury record by running less off the ball, and by adopting a stricter diet, training regime, and sleep schedule.[244]\nTactical positioning\n\nA versatile forward, Messi often plays as a classic number 10.\nTactically, Messi plays in a free attacking role; a versatile player, he is capable of attacking on either wing or through the centre of the pitch. His favoured position in childhood was the playmaker behind two strikers, known as the enganche in Argentine football, but he began his career in Spain as a left-winger or left-sided forward.[245] Upon his first-team debut, he was moved onto the right wing by manager Frank Rijkaard; from this position, he could more easily cut through the defence into the middle of the pitch and curl shots on goal with his left foot, rather than predominantly cross balls for teammates.[227] Under Guardiola and subsequent managers, he most often played in a false nine role; positioned as a centre-forward or lone striker, he would roam the centre, often moving deep into midfield and drawing defenders with him, in order to create and exploit spaces for passes, other teammates\' attacking runs off the ball, Messi\'s own dribbling runs, or combinations with Xavi and Iniesta.[32]\nUnder the stewardship of Luis Enrique, Messi initially returned to playing in the right-sided position that characterised much of his early career in the manager\'s 4–3–3 formation,[246]\[247] while he was increasingly deployed in a deeper, free playmaking role in later seasons.[248]\[249] Under manager Ernesto Valverde, Messi played in a variety of roles. While he occasionally continued to be deployed in a deeper role, from which he could make runs from behind into the box,[250] or even on the right wing[251] or as a false nine,[252]\[253] he was also used in a more offensive, central role in a 4–2–3–1,[249] or as a second striker in a 4–4–2 formation, where he was once again given the licence to drop deep, link-up with midfielders, orchestrate his team\'s attacking plays, and create chances for his attacking partner Luis Suárez.[254]\[255] With the Argentina national team, Messi has similarly played anywhere along the frontline. Under various managers, he has been employed on the right wing, as a false nine, as an out-and-out striker, in a supporting role alongside another forward, or in a deeper, free creative role as a classic number 10 playmaker or attacking midfielder behind the strikers.[256]\[257]\nReception\nMessi is widely regarded as one of the two best players of his generation, alongside Portuguese forward Cristiano Ronaldo.[258] He is also considered one of the greatest footballers in the history of the sport.[259]\nA prodigious talent as a teenager, Messi established himself among the world\'s best players before age 20.[260] Shortly after teammate Ronaldinho won the 2005 Ballon d\'Or, he commented, "I\'m not even the best at Barça" in reference to his 18-year-old protégé.[261] Four years later, after Messi won his first Ballon d\'Or by a record margin,[74] the public debate regarding his qualities as a player moved beyond his status in contemporary football to the possibility that he was one of the greatest players in history.[19]\[225]\[262] An early proponent was his then-Barcelona manager Pep Guardiola, who, as early as August 2009, declared Messi to be the best player he had ever seen.[263] In the following years, this opinion gained greater acceptance among pundits, managers, former and current players.[85]\[264] By the end of Barça\'s second treble-winning season, the view of Messi as one of the greatest footballers of all time had become the apparent view among many fans and pundits in continental Europe.[265]\[266]\nMessi would receive dismissals by critics throughout his career based on the fact that he had not won an international tournament at senior level with Argentina.[267]\[268]\[269] However, his subsequent victories in the 2021 Copa América and the 2022 FIFA World Cup resulted in him finally winning every top tier trophy at both the club and country levels, an achievement that many pundits felt cemented Messi\'s legacy.[259]\nComparisons with Cristiano Ronaldo\nMain article: Messi–Ronaldo rivalry\n\nMessi has been compared with Cristiano Ronaldo (left) throughout much of their careers.\nAmong his contemporary peers, Messi is most often compared and contrasted with Cristiano Ronaldo, who many consider his career rival.[258] Both achieved numerous individual accolades, won dozens of trophies for both club and country, and are the two leading goal scorers in history. Although Messi has at times denied any rivalry,[270]\[271] they are widely believed to push one another in their aim to be the best player in the world.[272] Pundits have compared the ongoing rivalry to past sports rivalries like the Muhammad Ali–Joe Frazier rivalry in boxing, the Prost–Senna rivalry in motorsport, and the tennis rivalries between Federer–Nadal and Borg–McEnroe.[273]\nFans and pundits alike regularly argue the individual merits of both players.[272]\[274] Messi is lauded for his combination of dribbling, playmaking, passing and goalscoring, while Ronaldo has received praise for his exceptional speed and athleticism, goalscoring skills, and performance under pressure.[275]\[276] Beyond their playing styles, the debate also revolves around their differing physiques – Ronaldo is 1.87\xa0m (6\xa0ft 1+1⁄2\xa0in) with a muscular build, compared to Messi\'s smaller size – and contrasting public personalities with Ronaldo\'s self-confidence and theatrics a foil to Messi\'s humility.[277] Regarding individual achievements, Messi has won eight Ballons d\'Or to Ronaldo\'s five,[278] eight FIFA World\'s Best Player awards to Ronaldo\'s five, and six European Golden Shoes to Ronaldo\'s four.[279] Off the pitch, Ronaldo is his direct competitor in terms of salary, sponsorships, and social media fanbase.[280]\nMessi\'s head-to-head record against teams that feature Ronaldo consists of 15 wins, 9 draws, and 10 losses in competitive club matches, one win and loss each in international friendlies, and one win in a club friendly. The first competitive matchup between the two occurred in 2008, when Ronaldo\'s Manchester United were drawn to play Messi\'s Barcelona in the 2007–08 UEFA Champions League semi-finals, where Ronaldo and Manchester United would eventually advance 1–0 on aggregate, and go on to win the final.[281] The two players and their teams would meet again in the next year\'s Champions League, this time in the final, with Messi and Barcelona emerging as the victors after a 2–0 result.[282] After this, Ronaldo would transfer to Real Madrid, the main rivals of Barcelona, and from 2009–10 to 2017–18, Messi faced Ronaldo at least twice every season in El Clásico, which ranks among the world\'s most viewed annual sports events.[283]\[280] Ronaldo\'s would then transfer to Juventus in the summer of 2018; their final matchup in a competitive match would occur during a 2020–21 UEFA Champions League group stage match, where Ronaldo\'s two goals from the penalty spot helped Juventus to a 3–0 victory against Messi\'s Barcelona.[284] After Ronaldo left Real Madrid for Juventus, Messi stated: "I miss Cristiano. Although it was a bit difficult to see him win trophies, he gave La Liga prestige."[285]\nFollowing Messi leading Argentina to victory in the 2022 World Cup, a number of football critics, commentators, and players have opined that Messi settled the debate between the two players.[286]\[287] Ronaldo himself declared a year later that his rivalry with Messi was over and "gone", after 36 official fixtures and 15 years of "sharing the stage".[288]\nComparisons with Diego Maradona\nMain article: New Maradona\n\n"I have seen the player who will inherit my place in Argentinian football and his name is Messi."\n\n– Diego Maradona hailing the 18-year-old Messi as his successor in February 2006.[289]\nThroughout his career, Messi has been compared with his compatriot Diego Maradona, who was also considered the best player of his generation and one of greatest in the history of the sport.[290]\[291] This was due to their short statures, their similar playing styles as diminutive, left-footed playmakers, and the fact that they both came from Argentina.[292] Initially, Messi was merely one of many young Argentine players to receive the "New Maradona" moniker, but as his career progressed, Messi proved his similarity beyond all previous contenders, establishing himself as the best player Argentina had produced since Maradona.[29]\[293] Even when Messi was 18 years old, Maradona called him the best player in the world and hailed him as his successor.[289] Messi and Maradona would work together as player and manager for Argentina\'s national side from 2008 through the 2010 FIFA World Cup, the latter thoroughly impressed with the former\'s skills.[294] It was during this period that Messi was given Argentina\'s number 10 shirt that Maradona famously wore. Maradona gave Messi his blessing, telling him: "the No 10 is yours. There\'s nobody better than you to wear it."[193]\n\nDue to their similar size and style of play, Messi was constantly compared with his compatriot Diego Maradona by pundits and his countrymen.\nDuring the early and middle parts of his career, Messi was generally held in lesser esteem than Maradona in Argentine society. Part of this had to do with Messi\'s lack of tournament success and perceived uneven output with the national team during this period – Maradona had famously led Argentina to victory in the 1986 FIFA World Cup with a dominant overall performance, which set expectations for Messi to do the same.[267]\[290]\[295] Also unlike Maradona, Messi never played in the Argentine Primera División, therefore depriving his countrymen a chance to watch him develop and prove himself, and through no fault of his own would do this overseas in La Liga instead.[23]\[295] Argentines also identified more with the fiery, extroverted and controversial Maradona who came from the slums, character traits that they felt aligned with their national values, as opposed to the reserved, introverted and unassuming Messi who had a comparable unremarkable upbringing in Rosario.[269]\[295]\[296] Several pundits, footballing figures, and Maradona himself would point to this temperament to question Messi\'s leadership capabilities for the national team.[267]\[297]\[298] Furthermore, Messi\'s lack of outward passion for the Albiceleste shirt, early tendency not to sing the national anthem, and disinclination to emotional displays have in the past led to the false perception that he felt more Catalan rather than truly Argentine.[197]\[299] However, despite having lived in Barcelona since age 13, Messi rejected the option of representing Spain internationally, saying: "Argentina is my country, my family, my way of expressing myself. I would change all my records to make the people in my country happy."[300]\n\nA mural featuring both Maradona and Messi following Argentina\'s World Cup win in 2022.\nFootball journalist Tim Vickery stated the perception of Messi among Argentines changed in 2019, with Messi making a conscious effort to become "more one of the group, more Argentine".[299] Other pundits noted that Messi had grown more assertive as a leader during the 2019 Copa América by becoming more vocal with his teammates both on and off the pitch, finally singing the national anthem with the team before matches, and speaking with journalists at length after matches, the latter of which he rarely did for Barcelona.[301] Following the 2022 World Cup win for Messi and Argentina, Vickery felt that Messi would now be held in the same esteem by his compatriots as Maradona.[299] Former footballer turned journalist Jorge Valdano said he saw a "Maradonian" edge to Messi\'s performances during the tournament, while compatriot Osvaldo Ardiles mentioned that Messi\'s provoking actions against the Netherlands side during the quarter-final were "more of a Maradona reaction," further endearing Messi to his countrymen.[302]\[303] Messi himself later remarked that the World Cup victory "won over all the people of Argentina. Today 95% or 100% of Argentines love me and that\'s a beautiful feeling."[304]\nIn popular culture\nPopularity\n\nMessi\'s success on the pitch earned him several lucrative endorsement deals along with widespread recognition and popularity.\nMessi was among the Time 100, an annual list of the world\'s most influential people, in 2011, 2012 and 2023.[305]\[306]\[307] According to a 2014 survey in 15 international markets, Messi was familiar to 87% of respondents around the world, of whom 78% perceived him favourably, making him the second-most recognised player globally, behind Cristiano Ronaldo, and the most likable of all contemporary players.[308]\[309] World Press Photo selected "The Final Game", a photo of Messi facing the World Cup trophy after Argentina\'s final defeat to Germany, as the best sports image of 2014.[310] On his economic impact on the city in which he plays, Terry Gibson called him a "tourist attraction".[311]\nHis fanbase on Facebook is among the largest of public figures: within seven hours of its launch in April 2011, Messi\'s Facebook page had nearly seven million followers, and by July 2023 he had over 114 million followers, the second highest for a sportsperson after Ronaldo.[312]\[313] He has over 500 million Instagram followers, the second highest for an individual and sportsperson after Ronaldo.[314] His World Cup celebration post from 18 December 2022 is the most liked post on Instagram with over 75 million likes.[315]\nOn 20 March 2023, during a return to Buenos Aires following his World Cup victory, Messi was mobbed by hundreds of adoring fans when he and his family were out to dinner. When news spread where Messi and his family were, the restaurant was soon surrounded by locals hoping to get a glimpse of their World Cup-winning captain. Police assistance would be needed to get Messi back to his car in the early hours of the morning.[316] In April 2023, Messi was featured in the 200 year old Thrissur Pooram festival in Kerala, India.[317] During the festival, umbrellas carrying the illuminated cut outs of Messi holding the World Cup trophy were displayed on the top of caparisoned elephants during the Kudamattam ceremony.[318] In December 2023, a set of shirts Messi had worn during the 2022 World Cup was sold at auction for $7.8 million.[319]\nDuring an exhibition match on 4 February 2024 in which Inter Miami faced off against the Hong Kong League players at Hong Kong Stadium, Messi would remain on the bench the entire game, causing massive backlash in Hong Kong and China as a result.[320] A Messi commercial was taken off air in those regions,[321] while others remained despite pressure from Chinese social-media users.[322]\[323]\[324] Furthermore, the Chinese Football Association temporarily halted its partnership with the Argentine Football Association over the incident on 8 February.[325]\nWealth and sponsorships\nMessi was the world\'s highest-paid footballer for five years out of six between 2009 and 2014; he was the first player to exceed the €40\xa0million benchmark, with earnings of €41\xa0million in 2013, and the €50–€60\xa0million points, with income of €65\xa0million in 2014.[326]\[327] Messi was second on Forbes list of the world\'s highest-paid athletes, after Cristiano Ronaldo, with income of $81\xa0million from salary and endorsements in 2015–16.[328] In 2018 he was the first player to exceed the €100m benchmark for a calendar year, with earnings of €126m ($154m) in combined income from salaries, bonuses and endorsements.[329] Forbes ranked him the world\'s highest-paid athlete in 2019.[330] From 2008, he was Barcelona\'s highest-paid player, receiving a salary that increased incrementally from €7.8\xa0million to €13\xa0million over the next five years.[331]\[332]\[102] Signing a new contract in 2017, he earned $667,000 per week in wages, and Barcelona paid him $60\xa0million as a signing on bonus.[333] His buyout clause was set at $835\xa0million (€700\xa0million).[333] In 2020, Messi became the second footballer, as well as the second athlete in a team sport, after Ronaldo, to surpass $1\xa0billion in earnings during their careers.[334]\n\nMessi\'s Argentina jersey, supplied by Adidas, was sold out worldwide during the 2022 World Cup.[335]\nIn addition to salary and bonuses, much of Messi\'s income derives from endorsements; SportsPro has consequently cited him as one of the world\'s most marketable athletes every year since their research began in 2010.[336] His main sponsor since 2006 is Adidas. As Barcelona\'s leading youth prospect, he was signed with Nike since age 14, but transferred to Adidas after they successfully challenged their rival\'s claim to his image rights in court.[337] Messi established himself as their leading brand endorser;[280] from 2008, he had a long-running signature collection of Adidas F50 boots, and in 2015, became the first footballer to receive his own sub-brand of Adidas boots, the Adidas Messi.[338]\[339] Since 2017, he has worn the latest version of the Adidas Nemeziz.[340] In 2015, a Barcelona jersey with Messi\'s name and number was the best-selling replica jersey worldwide.[341] At the 2022 World Cup, Adidas sold out Messi\'s No. 10 Argentina jersey worldwide.[335]\n\nAfter blessing himself, Messi often celebrates a goal by pointing a finger on each hand towards the sky in dedication to his late grandmother.[342] His goal celebration features in the FIFA video game series.\nAs a commercial entity, Messi\'s brand has been based exclusively on his talents and achievements as a player, in contrast to arguably more glamorous players like Ronaldo and David Beckham. At the start of his career, he thus mainly held sponsorship contracts with companies that employ sports-oriented marketing, such as Adidas, Pepsi, and Konami.[343]\[344] From 2010, concurrently with increased achievements as a player, his marketing appeal widened, leading to long-term endorsement deals with luxury brands Dolce & Gabbana and Audemars Piguet.[343]\[345] Messi is a global brand ambassador for Gillette, Turkish Airlines, Ooredoo, and Tata Motors, among other companies.[346]\[347]\[348]\[349] Messi was the face of Konami\'s video game series Pro Evolution Soccer, appearing on the covers of PES 2009, PES 2010, PES 2011 and PES 2020. He subsequently signed with rival company EA Sports to become the face of their series FIFA and appeared on consecutive covers from FIFA 13 to FIFA 16.[350]\[351]\nIn 2013, a Turkish Airlines advertisement starring Messi, in which he engages in a selfie competition with Kobe Bryant, was the most-watched ad on YouTube in 2013, receiving 137 million views, and was voted the best advertisement of the 2005–15 decade to commemorate YouTube\'s founding.[352]\[353] In June 2021, Messi signed a five-year deal to become an ambassador for the Hard Rock Cafe brand. He stated, "sports and music are an integral part of my life. It is an honor to be the first athlete to partner with a brand who has a history of teaming with music legends."[354]\nIn May 2022, Messi was unveiled as Saudi Arabia\'s tourism ambassador. Due to Saudi Arabia\'s poor human rights record, Messi was condemned for the role which was viewed as an attempt of Saudi sportswashing.[355]\[356]\nPhilanthropy\nThroughout his career, Messi has been involved in charitable efforts aimed at vulnerable children, a commitment that stems in part from the medical difficulties he faced in his own childhood. Since 2004, he has contributed his time and finances to the United Nations Children\'s Fund (UNICEF), an organisation with which Barcelona also have a strong association.[357]\[358] Messi has served as a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador since his appointment in March 2010, completing his first field mission for the organisation four months later as he travelled to Haiti to bring public awareness to the plight of the country\'s children in the wake of the 2010 Haiti earthquake. He has since participated in UNICEF campaigns targeting HIV prevention, education, and the social inclusion of disabled children.[359] To celebrate his son\'s first birthday, in November 2013, Messi and Thiago were part of a publicity campaign to raise awareness of mortality rates among disadvantaged children.[360]\n\nMessi (pictured in 2007) has worked with UNICEF since 2004 and has served as a UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador since 2010.\nIn addition to his work with UNICEF, Messi founded his own charitable organisation, the Leo Messi Foundation, which supports access to health care, education, and sport for children.[361] It was established in 2007 following a visit Messi paid to a hospital for terminally ill children in Boston, an experience that resonated with him to the point that he decided to reinvest part of his earnings into society.[362] Through his foundation, Messi has awarded research grants, financed medical training, and invested in the development of medical centres and projects in Argentina, Spain, and elsewhere in the world.[362]\[363] In addition to his own fundraising activities, such as his global "Messi and Friends" football matches, his foundation receives financial support from various companies to which he has assigned his name in endorsement agreements, with Adidas as their main sponsor.[364]\[365] A gold replica of his left foot, weighing 25\xa0kg (55\xa0lb) and valued at $5.3\xa0million, went on sale in Japan in 2013 to raise funds for victims of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami.[366]\nMessi has also invested in youth football in Argentina: he financially supports Sarmiento, a football club based in the Rosario neighbourhood where he was born, committing in 2013 to the refurbishment of their facilities and the installation of all-weather pitches, and funds the management of several youth players at Newell\'s Old Boys and rival club Rosario Central, as well as at River Plate and Boca Juniors in Buenos Aires.[362] At Newell\'s Old Boys, his boyhood club, he funded the 2012 construction of a new gymnasium and a dormitory inside the club\'s stadium for their youth academy. His former youth coach at Newell\'s, Ernesto Vecchio, is employed by the Leo Messi Foundation as a talent scout for young players.[23] On 7 June 2016, Messi won a libel case against La Razón newspaper and was awarded €65,000 in damages, which he donated to the charity Médecins Sans Frontières.[367] Messi made a donation worth €1\xa0million ($1.1\xa0million) to fight the spread of coronavirus.[368] This was split between Clinic Barcelona in Barcelona and his native Argentina.[369] In addition to this, Messi along with his fellow FC Barcelona teammates announced he would be taking a 70% cut in salaries during the 2020 coronavirus emergency, and contribute further to the club to provide fully to salaries of all the clubs employees.[370]\nIn November 2016, with the Argentine Football Association being run by a FIFA committee for emergency due to an economic crisis, it was reported that three of the national team\'s security staff told Messi that they had not received their salaries for six months. He stepped in and paid the salaries of the three members.[371]\[372] In February 2021, Messi donated to the Museu Nacional d\'Art de Catalunya his Adidas shoes which he wore when he scored his 644th goal for Barcelona and broke Pelé\'s record for most goals scored for a single club; the shoes were later auctioned off in April by the museum for charity to help children with cancer and were sold for £125,000.[373]\nIn advance of the 2021 Copa América, Messi donated three signed shirts to the Chinese pharmaceutical firm Sinovac Biotech—whose directors spoke of their admiration for Messi—in order to secure 50,000 doses of Sinovac\'s COVID-19 vaccine, CoronaVac, in the hope of vaccinating all of South America\'s football players.[374] A deal brokered by Uruguay\'s president Luis Lacalle Pou, the plan to prioritise football players caused some controversy given widespread vaccine scarcity in the region, with the Mayor of Canelones Yamandú Orsi remarking that "Just as the president manifested cooperation with CONMEBOL to vaccinate for the Copa América, he could just as well have the same consideration for Canelones".[374]\nIn January 2025, Messi was presented with the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian award of the United States, by President Joe Biden for his contributions in supporting healthcare and education programs for children around the world.[375] He would be unable to attend the ceremony due to scheduling conflicts, but sent a letter expressing his appreciation for the honor and his hopes of meeting President Biden at a later date.[376]\nPublic art\n\nOne of many street art displays depicting Messi.\nStreet art and public murals depicting Messi are regularly painted around the world.[377]\[378] One prominent artwork that went viral is the Sistine Chapel of Football, a parody of Leonardo Da Vinci\'s The Creation of Adam that features both Messi and Diego Maradona, along with several other prominent Argentine footballers. The work is exhibited at the Sportivo Pereyra club from Barracas in Buenos Aires.[379]\nSeveral public sculptures with Messi\'s likeness have been erected. Madame Tussauds unveiled their first wax sculpture of Messi at Wembley Stadium in 2012.[380] After the announcement of his first retirement from the international team in June 2016, a bronze statue of Messi was erected in Buenos Aires days later in an attempt to convince him to return.[381] A life-sized statue of Messi holding the World Cup trophy was unveiled outside the CONMEBOL headquarters in Luque, Paraguay in March 2023, a few months after Argentina\'s World Cup win. The statue would stand alongside those of Pelé and Maradona.[382]\nMedia\nMessi, a documentary by filmmaker Álex de la Iglesia, premiered at the 71st Venice International Film Festival in August 2014.[383] Messi\'s World Cup: The Rise of a Legend, a biographical docuseries focusing on Messi\'s career, his highs and lows with the Argentina national football team, and fairytale ending of with the 2022 FIFA World Cup, aired on Apple TV+ on 21 February 2024.[384]\nBusiness ventures\nOn 4 June 2024, Messi announced the release of Más+, an American brand of sports and energy drinks.[385] Messi created the drink because he couldn\'t find a flavorful and healthy hydration option that suited his needs.[386] The drink was teased to debut in Miami, Florida, on 13 June 2024. It was released in Publix and Walmart stores and made available for delivery on Gopuff in South Florida the following day.[385] Más+ is affiliated with White Claw Hard Seltzer founder Mark Anthony.[387]\nLater that year, on 19 September 2024, Messi announced that he would be launching a production company called 525 Rosario, named after his hometown. Headquartered in Miami and Los Angeles, the company was created to produce film, sporting events and branded commercials for athletes worldwide. It would be a joint venture with Smuggler Entertainment, who co-produced Messi\'s World Cup: The Rise of a Legend earlier in 2024.[388]\nPersonal life\nFamily and relationships\nSince 2008, Messi has been in a relationship with Antonela Roccuzzo, who he eventually married on 30 June 2017 in their hometown of Rosario.[389]\[390] He has known Roccuzzo since he was five years old, as she is the cousin of his childhood best friend, Lucas Scaglia, who is also a football player.[391] After keeping their relationship private for a year, Messi first confirmed their romance in an interview in January 2009, before going public a month later during a carnival in Sitges after the Barcelona–Espanyol derby.[392]\nMessi and Roccuzzo have three sons. To celebrate his partner\'s first pregnancy, Messi placed the ball under his shirt after scoring in Argentina\'s 4–0 win against Ecuador on 2 June 2012, before confirming the pregnancy in an interview two weeks later.[393] Thiago was born in Barcelona on 2 November 2012.[394] In April 2015, Messi confirmed that they were expecting another child.[395] In October 2017, his wife announced they were expecting their third child.[396] Messi and his family are Catholic.[397]\nMessi enjoys a close relationship with his immediate family members, particularly his mother, Celia, whose face he has tattooed on his left shoulder. His professional affairs are largely run as a family business: his father, Jorge, has been his agent since he was 14, and his oldest brother, Rodrigo, handles his daily schedule and publicity. His mother and other brother, Matías, manage his charitable organization, the Leo Messi Foundation, and take care of personal and professional matters in Rosario.[398]\nSince leaving for Spain aged 13, Messi has maintained close ties to his hometown of Rosario, even preserving his distinct Rosarino accent. He has kept ownership of his family\'s old house, although it has long stood empty; he maintains a penthouse apartment in an exclusive residential building for his mother, as well as a family compound just outside the city. Once when he was in training with the national team in Buenos Aires, he made a three-hour trip by car to Rosario immediately after practice to have dinner with his family, spent the night with them, and returned to Buenos Aires the next day in time for practice. Messi keeps in daily contact via phone and text with a small group of confidants in Rosario, most of whom were fellow members of "The Machine of \'87" at Newell\'s Old Boys. He was on bad terms with the club after his transfer to Barcelona, but by 2012 their public feud had ended, with Newell\'s embracing their ties with Messi, even issuing a club membership card to his newborn son.[23]\[362]\[399] Messi has long planned to return to Rosario to end his playing career at Newell\'s.[400] Messi holds triple citizenship, as he is a citizen of Argentina, Italy, and Spain.[401]\nTax fraud\nMessi\'s financial affairs came under investigation in 2013 for suspected tax evasion. Offshore companies in tax havens Uruguay and Belize were used to evade €4.1\xa0million in taxes related to sponsorship earnings between 2007 and 2009. An unrelated shell company in Panama set up in 2012 was subsequently identified as belonging to the Messis in the Panama Papers data leak. Messi, who pleaded ignorance of the alleged scheme, voluntarily paid arrears of €5.1\xa0million in August 2013. On 6 July 2016, Messi and his father were both found guilty of tax fraud and were handed suspended 21-month prison sentences and respectively ordered to pay €1.7\xa0million and €1.4\xa0million in fines.[402] Facing the judge, he said, "I just played football. I signed the contracts because I trusted my dad and the lawyers and we had decided that they would take charge of those things."[403]\nCareer statistics\nClub\nAs of match played 13 March 2025\nAppearances and goals by club, season and competitionClubSeasonLeagueNational cup[a]Continental[b]OtherTotalDivisionAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsBarcelona C2003–04[404]Tercera División105———105Barcelona B2003–04[405]Segunda División B50———502004–05[406]Segunda División B176———176Total226———226Barcelona2004–05[406]La Liga711010—912005–06[407]La Liga1762161002582006–07[408]La Liga261422513[c]036172007–08[409]La Liga28103096—40162008–09[410]La Liga312386129—51382009–10[411]La Liga3534311184[d]453472010–11[412]La Liga33317713122[e]355532011–12[413]La Liga37507311145[f]660732012–13[414]La Liga3246541182[e]250602013–14[415]La Liga312865782[e]046412014–15[416]La Liga3843651310—57582015–16[417]La Liga332655764[g]449412016–17[418]La Liga3437759112[e]152542017–18[419]La Liga3634641062[e]154452018–19[420]La Liga34365310121[e]050512019–20[421]La Liga332522831[e]144312020–21[422]La Liga353053651[e]04738Total52047480561491202922778672Paris Saint-Germain2021–22[423]Ligue 12661075—34112022–23[424]Ligue 1321610741[h]14121Total582220149117532Inter Miami2023MLS6110—7[i]1014112024MLS1920—3[j]23[k]125232025MLS10—3[j]30043Total2621106510114337Career total63652883561691344034928752\n\n^ Includes Copa del Rey, Coupe de France, U.S. Open Cup\n^ All appearances in UEFA Champions League, unless otherwise noted\n^ One appearance in UEFA Super Cup, two appearances in Supercopa de España\n^ One appearance in UEFA Super Cup, one appearance and two goals in Supercopa de España, two appearances and two goals in FIFA Club World Cup\n^ a b c d e f g h Appearance(s) in Supercopa de España\n^ One appearance and one goal in UEFA Super Cup, two appearances and three goals in Supercopa de España, two appearances and two goals in FIFA Club World Cup\n^ One appearance and two goals in UEFA Super Cup, two appearances and one goal in Supercopa de España, one appearance and one goal in FIFA Club World Cup\n^ Appearance in Trophée des Champions\n^ Appearances in Leagues Cup\n^ a b Appearances in CONCACAF Champions Cup\n^ Appearances in MLS Cup playoffs\n\nInternational\nSee also: List of international goals scored by Lionel Messi\nAs of match played 19 November 2024\nAppearances and goals by national team, year and competitionTeamYearCompetitiveFriendlyTotalAppsGoalsAppsGoalsAppsGoalsArgentina U20[183]\[425]2004—2323200516[a]11—1611Total1611231814Argentina U23[426]\[427]20085[b]2—5[α]2Total520052Argentina[431]\[432]20053[c]0205020063[d]14172200710[e]44214620086[f]1218220098[f]12210320105[g]05210220118[h]25213420125[i]54791220135[i]3237620147[j]47414820156[k]12384201610[l]81011820175[m]4207420184[n]1135420196[o]14410520204[p]1—41202116[q]9—169202210[r]8410141820235[s]3358820249[t]422116Total135615651191112Career total156745854213128\n\n^ Nine appearances and five goals in the 2005 South American U-20 Championship, seven appearances and six goals in the 2005 FIFA World Youth Championship.\n^ Appearances in the 2008 Summer Olympics.\n^ Appearances in 2006 FIFA World Cup qualification.\n^ Appearances in 2006 FIFA World Cup.\n^ Six appearances and two goals in 2007 Copa América, four appearances and two goals in 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification.\n^ a b Appearances in 2010 FIFA World Cup qualification.\n^ Appearances in 2010 FIFA World Cup.\n^ Four appearances in 2011 Copa América, four appearances and two goals in 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification.\n^ a b Appearances in 2014 FIFA World Cup qualification.\n^ Appearances in 2014 FIFA World Cup.\n^ Appearances in 2015 Copa América.\n^ Five appearances and three goals in 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification, five appearances and five goals in Copa América Centenario.\n^ Appearances in 2018 FIFA World Cup qualification.\n^ Appearances in 2018 FIFA World Cup.\n^ Appearances in 2019 Copa América.\n^ Appearances in 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification.\n^ Nine appearances and five goals in 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification, seven appearances and four goals in 2021 Copa América.\n^ Two appearances and one goal in 2022 FIFA World Cup qualification, one appearance in 2022 Finalissima, seven appearances and seven goals in 2022 FIFA World Cup.\n^ Appearances in 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification.\n^ Five appearances and one goal in 2024 Copa América, four appearances and three goals in 2026 FIFA World Cup qualification.\n\nHonours\nFor a comprehensive listing of Messi\'s achievements, see List of career achievements by Lionel Messi.\n\nMessi (Golden Ball winner) pictured with future teammate Neymar (Bronze Ball winner) at the conclusion of the 2011 FIFA Club World Cup final.\nBarcelona[6]\[7]\[15]\n\nLa Liga: 2004–05, 2005–06, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2012–13, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2017–18, 2018–19\nCopa del Rey: 2008–09, 2011–12, 2014–15, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2020–21\nSupercopa de España:[note 3] 2006, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013, 2016, 2018\nUEFA Champions League: 2005–06, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2014–15\nUEFA Super Cup: 2009, 2011, 2015\nFIFA Club World Cup: 2009, 2011, 2015\n\nParis Saint-Germain[7]\[15]\n\nLigue 1: 2021–22, 2022–23\nTrophée des Champions: 2022\n\nInter Miami[7]\[8]\[15]\n\nSupporters\' Shield: 2024\nLeagues Cup: 2023\n\nArgentina U20[7]\[15]\n\nFIFA World Youth Championship: 2005\n\nArgentina U23[7]\[15]\n\nOlympic Games: 2008\n\nArgentina[7]\[15]\n\nFIFA World Cup: 2022\nCopa América: 2021, 2024\nFinalissima: 2022\n\nIndividual\n\nBallon d\'Or: 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2019, 2021, 2023[note 2]\nFIFA World Player of the Year/FIFA Ballon d\'Or/The Best FIFA Men\'s Player: 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2015, 2019, 2022, 2023[note 2]\nEuropean Golden Shoe: 2009–10, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19[136]\[433]\nFIFA World Cup Golden Ball: 2014, 2022[7]\[434]\nFIFA World Cup Silver Boot: 2022\nFIFA Club World Cup Golden Ball: 2009, 2011[7]\nFIFA U-20 World Cup Golden Ball: 2005[7]\nFIFA U-20 World Cup Golden Boot: 2005[7]\nUEFA Club Footballer of the Year: 2008–09\nUEFA Men\'s Player of the Year Award: 2010–11, 2014–15\nUEFA Champions League top scorer: 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2014–15, 2018–19\nCopa América Golden Ball: 2015, 2021\nCopa América Golden Boot: 2021\nLa Liga Best Player: 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13, 2014–15,[435]\[436]\[437] 2016–17,[438] 2017–18,[439] 2018–19[440]\[441]\nMLS Most Valuable Player: 2024[181]\nPichichi Trophy: 2009−10, 2011–12, 2012−13, 2016–17, 2017−18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21\nLaureus World Sportsman of the Year: 2020,[434] 2023[442]\nBallon d\'Or Dream Team: 2020[443]\nFIFPRO World 11: 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023[444]\[445]\nArgentine Sportsperson of the Year: 2011, 2021, 2022, 2023[446]\nArgentine Footballer of the Year: 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2019, 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023[435]\[434]\[447]\n\nOrders\n\n Creu de Sant Jordi, Catalonia (30 April 2019)[448]\n Presidential Medal of Freedom, United States (4 January 2025)[375]\[449]\n\nSee also\n\nportal portal\nAssociation football portal\nArgentina portal\n\nBiography portal\n\n\nEuropean Cup and UEFA Champions League records and statistics\n\nLa Liga records and statistics\nList of Argentina international footballers\nList of association football rivalries\nList of FC Barcelona players\nList of FC Barcelona records and statistics\nList of Paris Saint-Germain FC players\nList of Inter Miami CF players\nList of FIFA World Cup winning players\nList of largest sports contracts\nList of men\'s footballers with 50 or more international goals\nList of men\'s footballers with 100 or more international caps\nList of men\'s footballers with 500 or more goals\nList of men\'s footballers with the most official appearances\nList of most-followed Instagram accounts\nList of most-liked Instagram posts\nList of players who have appeared in the most FIFA World Cups\nList of top international men\'s football goalscorers by country\n\nNotes\n\n^ According to FCBarcelona.com, and his authorised biography, Messi by Guillem Balagué, his surname is the single "Messi", in accordance with Argentine customs.[2]\[3] Other sources, including a 2014 document by FIFA, give his surname as the double "Messi Cuccittini".[4] After winning a libel case in 2017, Messi\'s own management company stated: "The football player Lionel Andres Messi Cuccittini has donated a total of €72,783.20 to the organisation Doctors Without Borders."[5]\n^ a b c Messi received the FIFA World Player of the Year award, now known as the The Best FIFA Men\'s Player, in 2009. This totals up to four of these awards.\n\n^ a b According to FC Barcelona,[6] FIFA,[7] Major League Soccer,[8] the Royal Spanish Football Federation,[9] and multiple media outlets,[10]\[11]\[12] Messi also won the 2005 Supercopa de España, bringing his Barcelona trophy total to 35—and his career total to 46.[13] However, this particular trophy is not credited here since Messi was out of the squad and did not feature in any of the two games against Real Betis.[14]\[15]\n\n\n^ a b Does not include an unofficial friendly match played on 24 May 2008 in Barcelona between Argentina U23 and the Catalonia national football team,[428]\[429] as Catalonia is not affiliated with either FIFA or UEFA as a national member association and is therefore not allowed to participate in official competitions[430]\n\n\nReferences\n\n^ a b c "FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022™ – Squad List: Argentina (ARG)" (PDF). FIFA. 18 December 2022. p.\xa01. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 December 2022. 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Messi: The Inside Story of the Boy Who Became a Legend. Corinthian Books. ISBN\xa0978-1-906850-40-1.\nCaioli, Luca (2015). Messi: More than a Superstar. Icon Books. ISBN\xa0978-1-906850-91-3.\nGuinness World Records 2015. Guinness World Records. 2014. ISBN\xa0978-1-908843-65-4.\nHunter, Graham (2012). Barça: The Making of the Greatest Team in the World. BackPage Press. ISBN\xa0978-0-9564971-8-5.\nLisi, Clemente Angelo (2011). A History of the World Cup: 1930–2010. Scarecrow Press. ISBN\xa0978-0-8108-7754-2.\nTomkins, Paul (2007). Above Us Only Sky: Liverpool FC\'s Global Revolution. Anchor Print Group. ISBN\xa0978-0-9556367-0-7.\n\nExternal links\nLionel Messi at Wikipedia\'s sister projects\n\nMedia from Commons\nNews from Wikinews\nQuotations from Wikiquote\n\nData from Wikidata\n\n\nOfficial website \n\nProfile at Inter Miami\nProfile at PSG\nProfile at FC Barcelona\nProfile at La Liga\nProfile at Ligue 1\nProfile at MLS\nLionel Messi at BDFutbol \nLionel Messi at Soccerbase \nLionel Messi at Soccerway \nLionel Messi at National-Football-Teams.com \nLionel Messi – FIFA competition record (archived) \nLionel Messi – UEFA competition record (archive)\xa0\n\n| Sporting positions |\n| --- |\n| Preceded\xa0by\nAndrés Iniesta\n| FC Barcelona captain\n2018–2021 | Succeeded\xa0by\nSergio Busquets\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nInter Miami CF – current squad\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1\xa0Callender\n2\xa0Luján\n5\xa0Busquets\n6\xa0Avilés\n7\xa0Picault\n8\xa0Segovia\n9\xa0Suárez\n10\xa0Messi (c)\n14\xa0Martínez\n15\xa0Sailor\n16\xa0Taylor\n17\xa0Fray\n18\xa0Alba\n19\xa0Ustari\n21\xa0Allende\n22\xa0Afonso\n24\xa0Gressel\n26\xa0Hall\n30\xa0Cremaschi\n32\xa0Allen\n34\xa0Ríos Novo\n37\xa0Falcón\n41\xa0Ruiz\n42\xa0Bright\n55\xa0Redondo\n57\xa0Weigandt\n62\xa0Boatwright\n81\xa0Morales\n\nRodríguez\n\n\nHead coach: Mascherano\n\nAssistant coach: Rodriguez Pagano\nAssistant coach: Stillitano\nAssistant coach: J. Morales\nGoalkeeping coach: Dobler\n\n|\n| \nArgentina squads\n|\n| --- |\n| \n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nArgentina squad – 2006 FIFA World Cup\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1\xa0Abbondanzieri\n2\xa0Ayala\n3\xa0Sorín\xa0(c)\n4\xa0Coloccini\n5\xa0Cambiasso\n6\xa0Heinze\n7\xa0Saviola\n8\xa0Mascherano\n9\xa0Crespo\n10\xa0Riquelme\n11\xa0Tevez\n12\xa0Franco\n13\xa0Scaloni\n14\xa0Palacio\n15\xa0Milito\n16\xa0Aimar\n17\xa0Cufré\n18\xa0Rodríguez\n19\xa0Messi\n20\xa0Cruz\n21\xa0Burdisso\n22\xa0González\n23\xa0Ustari\nCoach:\xa0Pékerman\n\n| \n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nArgentina squad – 2007 Copa América runners-up\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1\xa0Abbondanzieri\n2\xa0Ayala (c)\n3\xa0Díaz\n4\xa0Ibarra\n5\xa0Gago\n6\xa0Heinze\n7\xa0Palacio\n8\xa0Zanetti\n9\xa0Crespo\n10\xa0Riquelme\n11\xa0Tevez\n12\xa0Carrizo\n13\xa0González\n14\xa0Mascherano\n15\xa0G. Milito\n16\xa0Aimar\n17\xa0Burdisso\n18\xa0Messi\n19\xa0Cambiasso\n20\xa0Verón\n21\xa0D. Milito\n22\xa0Orión\nCoach:\xa0Basile\n\n| \n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nArgentina men\'s football squad – 2008 Summer Olympics – Gold medalists\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1\xa0Ustari (injured)\n2\xa0Garay\n3\xa0Monzón\n4\xa0Zabaleta\n5\xa0Gago\n6\xa0Fazio\n7\xa0Sosa\n8\xa0Banega\n9\xa0Lavezzi\n10\xa0Riquelme\xa0(c)\n11\xa0Di María\n12\xa0Pareja\n13\xa0Acosta\n14\xa0Mascherano\n15\xa0Messi\n16\xa0Agüero\n17\xa0Buonanotte\n18\xa0Romero\n22\xa0Navarro (injury replacement)\nCoach:\xa0Batista\n\n| \n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nArgentina squad – 2010 FIFA World Cup\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1\xa0Pozo\n2\xa0Demichelis\n3\xa0C. Rodríguez\n4\xa0Burdisso\n5\xa0Bolatti\n6\xa0Heinze\n7\xa0Di María\n8\xa0Verón\n9\xa0Higuaín\n10\xa0Messi\n11\xa0Tevez\n12\xa0Garcé\n13\xa0Samuel\n14\xa0Mascherano\xa0(c)\n15\xa0Otamendi\n16\xa0Agüero\n17\xa0Gutiérrez\n18\xa0Palermo\n19\xa0Milito\n20\xa0M. Rodríguez\n21\xa0Andújar\n22\xa0Romero\n23\xa0Pastore\nCoach:\xa0Maradona\n\n| \n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nArgentina squad – 2011 Copa América\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1\xa0Carrizo\n2\xa0Garay\n3\xa0Zabaleta\n4\xa0Burdisso\n5\xa0Cambiasso\n6\xa0G. Milito\n7\xa0Di María\n8\xa0Zanetti\n9\xa0Higuaín\n10\xa0Messi\n11\xa0Tevez\n12\xa0Andújar\n13\xa0Pareja\n14\xa0Mascherano (c)\n15\xa0Biglia\n16\xa0Agüero\n17\xa0Rojo\n18\xa0Pastore\n19\xa0Banega\n20\xa0Gago\n21\xa0Lavezzi\n22\xa0D. Milito\n23\xa0Romero\nCoach:\xa0Batista\n\n| \n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nArgentina squad – 2014 FIFA World Cup runners-up\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1\xa0Romero\n2\xa0Garay\n3\xa0Campagnaro\n4\xa0Zabaleta\n5\xa0Gago\n6\xa0Biglia\n7\xa0Di María\n8\xa0Pérez\n9\xa0Higuaín\n10\xa0Messi\xa0(c)\n11\xa0M. Rodríguez\n12\xa0Orión\n13\xa0A. Fernández\n14\xa0Mascherano\n15\xa0Demichelis\n16\xa0Rojo\n17\xa0F. Fernández\n18\xa0Palacio\n19\xa0Álvarez\n20\xa0Agüero\n21\xa0Andújar\n22\xa0Lavezzi\n23\xa0Basanta\nCoach:\xa0Sabella\n\n| \n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nArgentina squad – 2015 Copa América runners-up\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1\xa0Romero\n2\xa0Garay\n3\xa0Roncaglia\n4\xa0Zabaleta\n5\xa0Gago\n6\xa0Biglia\n7\xa0Di María\n8\xa0Pereyra\n9\xa0Higuaín\n10\xa0Messi\xa0(c)\n11\xa0Agüero\n12\xa0Guzmán\n13\xa0Casco\n14\xa0Mascherano\n15\xa0Demichelis\n16\xa0Rojo\n17\xa0Otamendi\n18\xa0Tevez\n19\xa0Banega\n20\xa0Lamela\n21\xa0Pastore\n22\xa0Lavezzi\n23\xa0~Andújar~/Marchesín\nCoach:\xa0Martino\n\n| \n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nArgentina squad – Copa América Centenario runners-up\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1\xa0Romero\n2\xa0Maidana\n3\xa0Roncaglia\n4\xa0Mercado\n5\xa0Kranevitter\n6\xa0Biglia\n7\xa0Di María\n8\xa0Fernández\n9\xa0Higuaín\n10\xa0Messi (c)\n11\xa0Agüero\n12\xa0Guzmán\n13\xa0Funes Mori\n14\xa0Mascherano\n15\xa0Cuesta\n16\xa0Rojo\n17\xa0Otamendi\n18\xa0Lamela\n19\xa0Banega\n20\xa0Gaitán\n21\xa0Pastore\n22\xa0Lavezzi\n23\xa0Andújar\nCoach:\xa0Martino\n\n| \n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nArgentina squad – 2018 FIFA World Cup\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1\xa0Guzmán\n2\xa0Mercado\n3\xa0Tagliafico\n4\xa0Ansaldi\n5\xa0Biglia\n6\xa0Fazio\n7\xa0Banega\n8\xa0Acuña\n9\xa0Higuaín\n10\xa0Messi (c)\n11\xa0Di María\n12\xa0Armani\n13\xa0Meza\n14\xa0Mascherano\n15\xa0Pérez\n16\xa0Rojo\n17\xa0Otamendi\n18\xa0Salvio\n19\xa0Agüero\n20\xa0Lo Celso\n21\xa0Dybala\n22\xa0Pavón\n23\xa0Caballero\nCoach:\xa0Sampaoli\n\n| \n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nArgentina squad – 2019 Copa América third place\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1\xa0Armani\n2\xa0Foyth\n3\xa0Tagliafico\n4\xa0Saravia\n5\xa0Paredes\n6\xa0Pezzella\n7\xa0Pereyra\n8\xa0Acuña\n9\xa0Agüero\n10\xa0Messi (c)\n11\xa0Di María\n12\xa0Marchesín\n13\xa0Funes Mori\n14\xa0Casco\n15\xa0Pizarro\n16\xa0De Paul\n17\xa0Otamendi\n18\xa0Rodríguez\n19\xa0Suárez\n20\xa0Lo Celso\n21\xa0Dybala\n22\xa0Martínez\n23\xa0Musso\nCoach:\xa0Scaloni\n\n| \n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nArgentina squad – 2021 Copa América winners (15th title)\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1\xa0Armani\n2\xa0Martínez Quarta\n3\xa0Tagliafico\n4\xa0Montiel\n5\xa0Paredes\n6\xa0Pezzella\n7\xa0De Paul\n8\xa0Acuña\n9\xa0Agüero\n10\xa0Messi\xa0(c)\n11\xa0Di María\n12\xa0Marchesín\n13\xa0Romero\n14\xa0Palacios\n15\xa0González\n16\xa0J. Correa\n17\xa0Domínguez\n18\xa0Rodríguez\n19\xa0Otamendi\n20\xa0Lo Celso\n21\xa0Á. Correa\n22\xa0La. Martínez\n23\xa0E. Martínez\n24\xa0Gómez\n25\xa0Li. Martínez\n26\xa0Molina\n27\xa0Alvarez\n28\xa0Musso\nCoach:\xa0Scaloni\n\n| \n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nArgentina squad – 2022 FIFA World Cup winners (3rd title)\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1\xa0Armani\n2\xa0Foyth\n3\xa0Tagliafico\n4\xa0Montiel\n5\xa0Paredes\n6\xa0Pezzella\n7\xa0De Paul\n8\xa0Acuña\n9\xa0Alvarez\n10\xa0Messi\xa0(c)\n11\xa0Di María\n12\xa0Rulli\n13\xa0Romero\n14\xa0Palacios\n15\xa0Correa\n16\xa0Almada\n17\xa0Gómez\n18\xa0Rodríguez\n19\xa0Otamendi\n20\xa0Mac Allister\n21\xa0Dybala\n22\xa0La. Martínez\n23\xa0E. Martínez\n24\xa0Fernández\n25\xa0Li. Martínez\n26\xa0Molina\nCoach:\xa0Scaloni\n\n| \n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nArgentina squad – 2024 Copa América winners (16th title)\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1\xa0Armani\n2\xa0Martínez Quarta\n3\xa0Tagliafico\n4\xa0Montiel\n5\xa0Paredes\n6\xa0Pezzella\n7\xa0De Paul\n8\xa0Acuña\n9\xa0Alvarez\n10\xa0Messi\xa0(c)\n11\xa0Di María\n12\xa0Rulli\n13\xa0Romero\n14\xa0Palacios\n15\xa0González\n16\xa0Lo Celso\n17\xa0Garnacho\n18\xa0Rodríguez\n19\xa0Otamendi\n20\xa0Mac Allister\n21\xa0Carboni\n22\xa0La. Martínez\n23\xa0E. Martínez\n24\xa0Fernández\n25\xa0Li. Martínez\n26\xa0Molina\nCoach:\xa0Scaloni\n\n| \n\n|\n|\n| \nAwards\n|\n| --- |\n| \n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2014 FIFA World Cup Team of the Tournament\n|\n| --- |\n| Statistical Team | \nGoalkeeper Manuel NeuerDefenders Marcos Rojo Mats Hummels Thiago Silva Stefan de VrijMidfielders Oscar James Rodríguez Toni Kroos Philipp LahmForwards Thomas Müller Arjen Robben\n|\n| Fans\' Team | \nGoalkeeper Manuel NeuerDefenders David Luiz Mats Hummels Thiago Silva MarceloMidfielders Ángel Di María James Rodríguez Toni KroosForwards Lionel Messi Thomas Müller NeymarCoach Joachim Löw\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2007 Copa América Team of the Tournament\n|\n| --- |\n| Goalkeeper | \n\n Doni\n\n|\n| Defenders | \n\n Javier Zanetti\n Jonny Magallón\n Juan\n Jorge Fucile\n\n|\n| Midfielders | \n\n Júlio Baptista\n Javier Mascherano\n Juan Román Riquelme\n\n|\n| Forwards | \n\n Robinho\n Nery Castillo\n Lionel Messi\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2011 Copa América Team of the Tournament\n|\n| --- |\n| Goalkeeper | \n\n Renny Vega\n\n|\n| Defenders | \n\n Luis Amaranto Perea\n Diego Lugano\n Paulo da Silva\n\n|\n| Midfielders | \n\n Javier Mascherano\n Fredy Guarín\n Álvaro Pereira\n Carlos Lobatón\n\n|\n| Forwards | \n\n Lionel Messi\n Luis Suárez\n Paolo Guerrero\n\n|\n| Coach | \n\n Óscar Tabárez\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2015 Copa América Team of the Tournament\n|\n| --- |\n| Goalkeeper | \n\n Claudio Bravo\n\n|\n| Defenders | \n\n Jeison Murillo\n Gary Medel\n Nicolás Otamendi\n\n|\n| Midfielders | \n\n Christian Cueva\n Marcelo Díaz\n Javier Mascherano\n Arturo Vidal\n\n|\n| Forwards | \n\n Eduardo Vargas\n Paolo Guerrero\n Lionel Messi\n\n|\n| Coach | \n\n Jorge Sampaoli\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nCopa América Centenario Team of the Tournament\n|\n| --- |\n| Goalkeeper | \n\n Claudio Bravo\n\n|\n| Defenders | \n\n Mauricio Isla\n Nicolás Otamendi\n Gary Medel\n Jean Beausejour\n\n|\n| Midfielders | \n\n Javier Mascherano\n Arturo Vidal\n Charles Aránguiz\n\n|\n| Forwards | \n\n Eduardo Vargas\n Alexis Sánchez\n Lionel Messi\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2021 Copa América Team of the Tournament\n|\n| --- |\n| Goalkeeper | \n\n Emiliano Martínez\n\n|\n| Defenders | \n\n Pervis Estupiñán\n Marquinhos\n Cristian Romero\n Mauricio Isla\n\n|\n| Midfielders | \n\n Yoshimar Yotún\n Casemiro\n Rodrigo De Paul\n\n|\n| Forwards | \n\n Luis Díaz\n Neymar\n Lionel Messi\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2024 Copa América Team of the Tournament\n|\n| --- |\n| Goalkeeper | \n\n Emiliano Martínez\n\n|\n| Defenders | \n\n Piero Hincapié\n Davinson Sánchez\n Cristian Romero\n Alistair Johnston\n\n|\n| Midfielders | \n\n James Rodríguez\n Manuel Ugarte\n Rodrigo De Paul\n\n|\n| Forwards | \n\n Raphinha\n Lautaro Martínez\n Lionel Messi\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nFIFA World Cup Golden Ball\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1982:  Rossi\n1986:  Maradona\n1990:  Schillaci\n1994:  Romário\n1998:  Ronaldo\n2002:  Kahn\n2006:  Zidane\n2010:  Forlán\n2014:  Messi\n2018:  Modrić\n2022:  Messi\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nFIFA World Cup winning captains\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1930:  Nasazzi\n1934:  Combi\n1938:  Meazza\n1950:  Varela\n1954:  Walter\n1958:  Bellini\n1962:  Mauro\n1966:  Moore\n1970:  Carlos Alberto\n1974:  Beckenbauer\n1978:  Passarella\n1982:  Zoff\n1986:  Maradona\n1990:  Matthäus\n1994:  Dunga\n1998:  Deschamps\n2002:  Cafu\n2006:  Cannavaro\n2010:  Casillas\n2014:  Lahm\n2018:  Lloris\n2022:  Messi\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nFinalissima winning captains\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1985:  Platini\n1993:  Maradona\n2022:  Messi\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nSouth American Championship and Copa América top scorers\n|\n| --- |\n| South American\nChampionship era | \n\n1916:  Gradín\n1917:  Romano\n1919:  Friedenreich &  Neco\n1920:  Pérez &  Romano\n1921:  Libonatti\n1922:  Francia\n1923:  Aguirre &  Petrone\n1924:  Petrone\n1925:  Seoane\n1926:  Arellano\n1927:  Carricaberry,  Figueroa,  Luna,  Petrone &  Scarone\n1929:  González\n1935:  Masantonio\n1937:  Toro\n1939:  Fernández\n1941:  Marvezzi\n1942:  Masantonio &  Moreno\n1945:  De Freitas &  Méndez\n1946:  Medina\n1947:  Falero\n1949:  Jair\n1953:  Molina\n1955:  Micheli\n1956:  Hormazábal\n1957:  Ambrois &  Maschio\n1959 (Argentina):  Pelé\n1959 (Ecuador):  Sanfilippo\n1963:  Raffo\n1967:  Artime\n\n|\n| Copa América era | \n\n1975:  E. Díaz &  Luque\n1979:  Morel &  Peredo\n1983:  Aguilera,  Burruchaga &  Dinamite\n1987:  Iguarán\n1989:  Bebeto\n1991:  Batistuta\n1993:  Dolgetta\n1995:  Batistuta &  García\n1997:  Hernández\n1999:  Rivaldo &  Ronaldo\n2001:  Aristizábal\n2004:  Adriano\n2007:  Robinho\n2011:  Guerrero\n2015:  Guerrero &  Vargas\n2016:  Vargas\n2019:  Everton &  Guerrero\n2021:  L. Díaz &  Messi\n2024:  Martínez\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nSouth American Championship and Copa América Player of the Tournament\n|\n| --- |\n| Unofficial award | \n\n1916:  Gradín\n1917:  Scarone\n1919:  Friedenreich\n1920:  Piendibene\n1921:  Tesoriere\n1922:  Fortes\n1923:  Nasazzi\n1924:  Petrone\n1925:  Seoane\n1926:  Andrade\n1927:  Seoane\n1929:  Ferreira\n1935:  Nasazzi\n1937:  Mata\n1939:  Fernández\n1941:  Livingstone\n1942:  Varela\n1945:  Da Guia\n1946:  Pedernera\n1947:  Moreno\n1949:  Ademir\n1953:  Herrera\n1955:  Hormazábal\n1956:  Míguez\n1957:  Sívori\n1959 (Argentina):  Pelé\n1959 (Ecuador):  Silveira\n1963:  Blacut\n1967:  Rocha\n1975:  Cubillas\n1979:  Caszely\n1983:  Francescoli\n\n|\n| Official award | \n\n1987:  Valderrama\n1989:  Sosa\n1991:  L. Rodríguez\n1993:  Goycochea\n1995:  Francescoli\n1997:  Ronaldo\n1999:  Rivaldo\n2001:  Guevara\n2004:  Adriano\n2007:  Robinho\n2011:  Suárez\n2015:  Messi1\n2016:  Sánchez\n2019:  Alves\n2021:  Messi\n2024:  J. Rodríguez\n\n|\n| \n1 Messi was given the 2015 award, but rejected it. Argentina\'s staff was to receive the award.\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nCopa América winning captains\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1975:  Chumpitaz\n1979:  Florentín\n1983:  Rodríguez\n1987:  Perdomo\n1989:  Ricardo Gomes\n1991:  Ruggeri\n1993:  Ruggeri\n1995:  Francescoli\n1997:  Dunga\n1999:  Rivaldo\n2001:  Córdoba\n2004:  Alex\n2007:  Gilberto Silva\n2011:  Lugano\n2015:  Bravo\n2016:  Bravo\n2019:  Alves\n2021:  Messi\n2024:  Messi\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nFIFA U-20 World Cup awards\n|\n| --- |\n| Golden Ball | \n\n1977: Bessonov\n1979: Maradona\n1981: Gabor\n1983: Geovani\n1985: Silas\n1987: Prosinečki\n1989: Bismarck\n1991: Peixe\n1993: Adriano\n1995: Caio\n1997: Olivera\n1999: Keïta\n2001: Saviola\n2003: Matar\n2005: Messi\n2007: Agüero\n2009: Adiyiah\n2011: Henrique\n2013: Pogba\n2015: Traoré\n2017: Solanke\n2019: Lee Kang-in\n2023: Casadei\n\n|\n| Golden Boot | \n\n1977: Guina\n1979: Díaz\n1981: Koussas\n1983: Geovani\n1985: Losada\n1987: Witeczek\n1989: Salenko\n1991: Scherbakov\n1993: Zambrano\n1995: Etxeberria\n1997: Adaílton\n1999: Couñago\n2001: Saviola\n2003: Johnson\n2005: Messi\n2007: Agüero\n2009: Adiyiah\n2011: Henrique\n2013: Assifuah\n2015: Kovalenko\n2017: Orsolini\n2019: Haaland\n2023: Casadei\n\n|\n| Golden Glove | \n\n2009: Alvarado\n2011: Mika\n2013: De Amores\n2015: Rajković\n2017: Woodman\n2019: Lunin\n2023: Desplanches\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nBallon d\'Or\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\nFrance Football magazine award\n\n|\n| Ballon d\'Or (1956–2009) | \n\n1956:\xa0\xa0Matthews\n1957:\xa0\xa0Di Stéfano\n1958:\xa0\xa0Kopa\n1959:\xa0\xa0Di Stéfano\n1960:\xa0\xa0Suárez\n1961:\xa0\xa0Sívori\n1962:\xa0\xa0Masopust\n1963:\xa0\xa0Yashin\n1964:\xa0\xa0Law\n1965:\xa0\xa0Eusébio\n1966:\xa0\xa0Charlton\n1967:\xa0\xa0Albert\n1968:\xa0\xa0Best\n1969:\xa0\xa0Rivera\n1970:\xa0\xa0Müller\n1971:\xa0\xa0Cruyff\n1972:\xa0\xa0Beckenbauer\n1973:\xa0\xa0Cruyff\n1974:\xa0\xa0Cruyff\n1975:\xa0\xa0Blokhin\n1976:\xa0\xa0Beckenbauer\n1977:\xa0\xa0Simonsen\n1978:\xa0\xa0Keegan\n1979:\xa0\xa0Keegan\n1980:\xa0\xa0Rummenigge\n1981:\xa0\xa0Rummenigge\n1982:\xa0\xa0Rossi\n1983:\xa0\xa0Platini\n1984:\xa0\xa0Platini\n1985:\xa0\xa0Platini\n1986:\xa0\xa0Belanov\n1987:\xa0\xa0Gullit\n1988:\xa0\xa0van Basten\n1989:\xa0\xa0van Basten\n1990:\xa0\xa0Matthäus\n1991:\xa0\xa0Papin\n1992:\xa0\xa0van Basten\n1993:\xa0\xa0Baggio\n1994:\xa0\xa0Stoichkov\n1995:\xa0\xa0Weah\n1996:\xa0\xa0Sammer\n1997:\xa0\xa0Ronaldo\n1998:\xa0\xa0Zidane\n1999:\xa0\xa0Rivaldo\n2000:\xa0\xa0Figo\n2001:\xa0\xa0Owen\n2002:\xa0\xa0Ronaldo\n2003:\xa0\xa0Nedvěd\n2004:\xa0\xa0Shevchenko\n2005:\xa0\xa0Ronaldinho\n2006:\xa0\xa0Cannavaro\n2007:\xa0\xa0Kaká\n2008:\xa0\xa0C. Ronaldo\n2009:\xa0\xa0Messi\n\n|\n| FIFA Ballon d\'Or (2010–2015) | \n\n2010:\xa0\xa0Messi\n2011:\xa0\xa0Messi\n2012:\xa0\xa0Messi\n2013:\xa0\xa0C. Ronaldo\n2014:\xa0\xa0C. Ronaldo\n2015:\xa0\xa0Messi\n\n|\n| Ballon d\'Or (2016–present) | \n\n2016:\xa0\xa0C. Ronaldo\n2017:\xa0\xa0C. Ronaldo\n2018:\xa0\xa0Modrić\n2019:\xa0\xa0Messi\n2020: not awarded\n2021:\xa0\xa0Messi\n2022:\xa0\xa0Benzema\n2023:\xa0\xa0Messi\n2024:\xa0\xa0Rodri\n\n|\n| \nBallon d\'Or additional awards (Ballon d\'Or Féminin, Kopa Trophy, Yashin Trophy, Gerd Müller Trophy, Sócrates Award, Super Ballon d\'Or, Ballon d\'Or Dream Team)\nRelated awards (French Player of the Year, FIFA Ballon d\'Or (2010–2015), FIFA World Player of the Year (1991–2009), The Best FIFA Men\'s Player)\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nThe Best FIFA Men\'s Player\n|\n| --- |\n| FIFA World Player of the Year | \n\n1991:  Matthäus\n1992:  Van Basten\n1993:  Baggio\n1994:  Romário\n1995:  Weah\n1996:  Ronaldo\n1997:  Ronaldo\n1998:  Zidane\n1999:  Rivaldo\n2000:  Zidane\n2001:  Figo\n2002:  Ronaldo\n2003:  Zidane\n2004:  Ronaldinho\n2005:  Ronaldinho\n2006:  Cannavaro\n2007:  Kaká\n2008:  C. Ronaldo\n2009:  Messi\n\n|\n| FIFA Ballon d\'Or | \n\n2010:  Messi\n2011:  Messi\n2012:  Messi\n2013:  C. Ronaldo\n2014:  C. Ronaldo\n2015:  Messi\n\n|\n| The Best FIFA Men\'s Player | \n\n2016:  C. Ronaldo\n2017:  C. Ronaldo\n2018:  Modrić\n2019:  Messi\n2020:  Lewandowski\n2021:  Lewandowski\n2022:  Messi\n2023:  Messi\n2024:  Vinícius\n\n|\n| \n\nSee also: Ballon d\'Or\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nFourFourTwo Player of the year\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n2007:  Kaká\n2008:  Ronaldo\n2009:  Messi\n2010:  Messi\n2011:  Messi\n2012:  Messi\n2013:  Ronaldo\n2014:  Ronaldo\n2015:  Messi\n2016:  Ronaldo\n2017:  Messi\n2018:  Messi\n2019:  Messi\n2020:  Lewandowski\n2021:  Lewandowski\n2022:  Haaland\n2023:  Haaland\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nGlobe Soccer Awards Best Player\n|\n| --- |\n| \nMen\'s winners \n\n2011:  Ronaldo\n2012:  Falcao\n2013:  Ribéry\n2014:  Ronaldo\n2015:  Messi\n2016:  Ronaldo\n2017:  Ronaldo\n2018:  Ronaldo\n2019:  Ronaldo\n2020:  Lewandowski\n2021:  Mbappé\n2022:  Benzema\n2023:  Haaland\n2024:  Vinícius Jr.\n\n|\n| \nWomen\'s winners\n*   2019:  Bronze\n*   2020: not awarded\n*   2021:  Putellas\n*   2022:  Putellas\n*   2023:  Bonmatí\n*   2024:  Bonmatí\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nIFFHS World\'s Best Player\n|\n| --- |\n| \nMen\'s winners \n\n1988:  Van Basten\n1989:  Van Basten\n1990:  Matthäus\n1991–2019: not awarded\n2020:  Lewandowski\n2021:  Lewandowski\n2022:  Messi\n2023:  Haaland\n2024:  Rodri\n\n|\n| \nWomen\'s winners\n*   2020:  Harder\n*   2021:  Putellas\n*   2022:  Putellas\n*   2023:  Bonmatí\n*   2024:  Bonmatí\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nIFFHS World\'s Best Playmaker\n|\n| --- |\n| \nMen\'s winners \n\n2006:  Zidane\n2007:  Kaká\n2008:  Xavi\n2009:  Xavi\n2010:  Xavi\n2011:  Xavi\n2012:  Iniesta\n2013:  Iniesta\n2014:  Kroos\n2015:  Messi\n2016:  Messi\n2017:  Messi\n2018:  Modrić\n2019:  Messi\n2020:  De Bruyne\n2021:  De Bruyne\n2022:  Messi\n2023:  De Bruyne\n2024:  Bellingham\n\n|\n| \nWomen\'s winners\n*   2012:  Marta\n*   2013:  Goeßling\n*   2014:  Keßler\n*   2015:  Lloyd\n*   2016:  Marozsán\n*   2017:  Martens\n*   2018:  Marozsán\n*   2019:  Rapinoe\n*   2020:  Marozsán\n*   2021:  Putellas\n*   2022:  Putellas\n*   2023:  Bonmatí\n*   2024:  Bonmatí\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nIFFHS World\'s Best Top Goal Scorer\n|\n| --- |\n| \nMen\'s winners \n\n2011:  C. Ronaldo\n2012:  Messi\n2013:  C. Ronaldo\n2014:  C. Ronaldo\n2015:  C. Ronaldo\n2016:  Messi\n2017:  Kane\n2018:  Bounedjah\n2019:  Hamdallah\n2020:  Lewandowski\n2021:  Lewandowski\n2022:  Mbappé\n2023:  C. Ronaldo\n\n|\n| \nWomen\'s winners\n*   2021:  Hermoso\n*   2022:  Kalma\n*   2023:  Chawinga\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nIFFHS World\'s Best International Goal Scorer\n|\n| --- |\n| \nMen\'s winners\n\n1991:  Papin\n1992:  Bergkamp &  Raí &  Obando\n1993:  Al-Owairan\n1994:  Stoichkov\n1995:  Klinsmann\n1996:  Daei\n1997:  Ronaldo\n1998:  Al-Huwaidi\n1999:  Raúl\n2000:  Rivaldo\n2001:  Al-Dhabit\n2002:  Van Nistelrooy\n2003:  Henry\n2004:  Daei\n2005:  Adriano\n2006:  Suazo\n2007:  Mputu\n2008:  Rico\n2009:  Okazaki\n2010:  Al-Mutawa\n2011:  Messi\n2012:  Messi\n2013:  C. Ronaldo\n2014:  C. Ronaldo\n2015:  Lewandowski\n2016:  C. Ronaldo\n2017:  C. Ronaldo\n2018:  Bounedjah\n2019:  C. Ronaldo\n2020:  Lukaku\n2021:  Lewandowski\n2022:  Messi\n2023:  Lukaku\n2024:  Rahimi\n\n|\n| \nWomen\'s winners\n\n2021:  White\n2022:  Kerr\n2023:  Banda\n2024:  Schüller\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nIFFHS World\'s Best Top Division Goal Scorer\n|\n| --- |\n| \nMen\'s winners \n\n1997:  Şükür\n1998:  Kaviedes\n1999:  Jardel\n2000:  Jardel\n2001:  Castillo\n2002:  Botero\n2003:  Cardozo\n2004:  Galaz\n2005:  Araújo\n2006:  Huntelaar\n2007:  Afonso Alves\n2008:  Barrios\n2009:  Janko\n2010:  Suárez\n2011:  Čekulajevs\n2012:  Messi\n2013:  Messi\n2014:  C. Ronaldo &  Suárez\n2015:  C. Ronaldo\n2016:  Suárez\n2017:  Messi\n2018:  Jonas &  Messi\n2019:  Bounedjah\n2020:  C. Ronaldo\n2021:  Lewandowski\n2022:  Cano\n2023:  Kane\n2024:  Gyökeres\n\n|\n| \nWomen\'s winners\n*   2021:  Martínková\n*   2022:  Fishel\n*   2023:  Corral\n*   2024:  Corral\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nFIFPRO Player of the Year awards\n|\n| --- |\n| World Player of the Year | \n\n2005:  Ronaldinho\n2006:  Ronaldinho\n2007:  Kaká\n2008:  Ronaldo\n\n|\n| Young Player of the Year | \n\n2005:  Rooney\n2006:  Messi\n2007:  Messi\n2008:  Messi\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nOnze d\'Or\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1976:  Rensenbrink\n1977:  Keegan\n1978:  Kempes\n1979:  Keegan\n1980:  Rummenigge\n1981:  Rummenigge\n1982:  Rossi\n1983:  Platini\n1984:  Platini\n1985:  Platini\n1986:  Maradona\n1987:  Maradona\n1988:  Van Basten\n1989:  Van Basten\n1990:  Matthäus\n1991:  Papin\n1992:  Stoichkov\n1993:  Baggio\n1994:  Romário\n1995:  Weah\n1996:  Cantona\n1997:  Ronaldo\n1998:  Zidane\n1999:  Rivaldo\n2000:  Zidane\n2001:  Zidane\n2002:  Ronaldo\n2003:  Henry\n2004:  Drogba\n2005:  Ronaldinho\n2006:  Henry\n2007:  Kaká\n2008:  C. Ronaldo\n2009:  Messi\n2010–11:  Messi\n2011–12:  Messi\n2012–14: not awarded\n2014–15:  Griezmann\n2015–16: not awarded\n2016–17:  C. Ronaldo\n2017–18:  Messi\n2018–19:  Mané\n2019–20: not awarded\n2020–21:  Benzema\n2021–22:  Benzema\n2022–23:  Haaland\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nUEFA Club Footballer of the Year\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1997–98:  Ronaldo\n1998–99:  Beckham\n1999–2000:  Redondo\n2000–01:  Effenberg\n2001–02:  Zidane\n2002–03:  Buffon\n2003–04:  Deco\n2004–05:  Gerrard\n2005–06:  Ronaldinho\n2006–07:  Kaká\n2007–08:  C. Ronaldo\n2008–09:  Messi\n2009–10:  Milito\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nUEFA Men\'s Player of the Year Award\n|\n| --- |\n| UEFA Best Player in Europe | \n\n2010–11:  Messi\n2011–12:  Iniesta\n2012–13:  Ribéry\n2013–14:  Ronaldo\n2014–15:  Messi\n2015–16:  Ronaldo\n\n|\n| UEFA Men\'s Player of the Year | \n\n2016–17:  Ronaldo\n2017–18:  Modrić\n2018–19:  Van Dijk\n2019–20:  Lewandowski\n2020–21:  Jorginho\n2021–22:  Benzema\n2022–23:  Haaland\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nUEFA Men\'s Club Football Awards\n|\n| --- |\n| Best Goalkeeper | \n\n1997–98: Schmeichel\n1998–99: Kahn\n1999–2000: Kahn\n2000–01: Kahn\n2001–02: Kahn\n2002–03: Buffon\n2003–04: Baía\n2004–05: Čech\n2005–06: Lehmann\n2006–07: Čech\n2007–08: Čech\n2008–09: Van der Sar\n2009–10: Júlio César\n2010–16: Not awarded\n2016–17: Buffon\n2017–18: Navas\n2018–19: Alisson\n2019–20: Neuer\n2020–21: Mendy\n\n|\n| Best Defender | \n\n1997–98: Hierro\n1998–99: Stam\n1999–2000: Stam\n2000–01: Ayala\n2001–02: Roberto Carlos\n2002–03: Roberto Carlos\n2003–04: Carvalho\n2004–05: Terry\n2005–06: Puyol\n2006–07: Maldini\n2007–08: Terry\n2008–09: Terry\n2009–10: Maicon\n2010–16: Not awarded\n2016–17: Ramos\n2017–18: Ramos\n2018–19: Van Dijk\n2019–20: Kimmich\n2020–21: Dias\n\n|\n| Best Midfielder | \n\n1997–98: Zidane\n1998–99: Beckham\n1999–2000: Mendieta\n2000–01: Mendieta\n2001–02: Ballack\n2002–03: Nedvěd\n2003–04: Deco\n2004–05: Kaká\n2005–06: Deco\n2006–07: Seedorf\n2007–08: Lampard\n2008–09: Xavi\n2009–10: Sneijder\n2010–16: Not awarded\n2016–17: Modrić\n2017–18: Modrić\n2018–19: De Jong\n2019–20: De Bruyne\n2020–21: Kanté\n\n|\n| Best Forward | \n\n1997–98: Ronaldo\n1998–99: Shevchenko\n1999–2000: Raúl\n2000–01: Raúl\n2001–02: Raúl\n2002–03: Van Nistelrooy\n2003–04: Morientes\n2004–05: Ronaldinho\n2005–06: Eto\'o\n2006–07: Kaká\n2007–08: C. Ronaldo\n2008–09: Messi\n2009–10: Milito\n2010–16: Not awarded\n2016–17: C. Ronaldo\n2017–18: C. Ronaldo\n2018–19: Messi\n2019–20: Lewandowski\n2020–21: Haaland\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nFootballer of the Year of Argentina\n|\n| --- |\n| Original award | \n\n1970: Yazalde\n1971: Pastoriza\n1972: Bargas\n1973: Brindisi\n1974: Raimondo\n1975: Scotta\n1976: Passarella\n1977: Fillol\n1978: Kempes\n1979: Maradona\n1980: Maradona\n1981: Maradona\n1982: Gatti\n1983: Bochini\n1984: Márcico\n1985: Francescoli\n1986: Maradona\n1987: Fabbri\n1988: Paz\n1989: Alfaro Moreno\n1990: Goycochea\n1991: Ruggeri\n1992: Islas\n1993: Medina Bello\n1994: Navarro Montoya\n1995: Francescoli\n1996: Chilavert\n1997: Salas\n1998: Batistuta\n1999: Saviola\n2000: Riquelme\n2001: Riquelme\n2002: Milito\n2003: Tevez\n2004: Tevez\n2005: Messi\n2006: Verón\n2007: Messi\n2019: Messi\n2020: Messi\n2021: Messi\n2022: Messi\n2023: Messi\n2024: E. Martínez\n\n|\n| Shared award | \nDomestic2008: Riquelme2009: Verón2010: J. M. Martínez2011: Riquelme2012: L. López2013: M. Rodríguez2014: Pratto2015: Ruben2016: Belluschi2017: Benedetto2018: P. MartínezAbroad2008: Messi2009: Messi2010: Messi2011: Messi2012: Messi2013: Messi2014: Di María2015: Messi2016: Messi2017: Messi\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nTrofeo Alfredo Di Stéfano\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n2007–08: Raúl\n2008–09: Messi\n2009–10: Messi\n2010–11: Messi\n2011–12: Ronaldo\n2012–13: Ronaldo\n2013–14: Ronaldo\n2014–15: Messi\n2015–16: Ronaldo\n2016–17: Messi\n2017–18: Messi\n2018–19: Messi\n2019–20: Benzema\n2020–21: Suárez\n2021–22: Benzema\n2022–23: Ter Stegen\n2023–24: Vinícius Jr.\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nLa Liga Best Player of the Year – LFP Awards\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n2008–09: Messi\n2009–10: Messi\n2010–11: Messi\n2011–12: Messi\n2012–13: Messi\n2013–14: Ronaldo\n2014–15: Messi\n2015–16: Griezmann\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nLa Liga Foreign Player of the Year - Don Balón Award\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1976: Neeskens\n1977: Cruyff\n1978: Cruyff\n1979: Stielike\n1980: Stielike\n1981: Stielike\n1982: Stielike\n1983: Barbas\n1984: Barbas\n1985: Schuster\n1986: Valdano\n1987: Sánchez\n1988: Alemão\n1989: Ruggeri\n1990: Sánchez\n1991: Schuster\n1992: Laudrup\n1993: Đukić\n1994: Stoichkov\n1995: Zamorano\n1996: Mijatović\n1997: Ronaldo\n1998: Rivaldo\n1999: Figo\n2000: Figo\n2001: Figo\n2002: Zidane\n2003: Nihat\n2004: Ronaldinho\n2005: Riquelme\n2006: Ronaldinho\n2007: Messi\n2008: Agüero\n2009: Messi\n2010: Messi\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nLa Liga Forward of the Year - LFP Awards\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n2009: Messi\n2010: Messi\n2011: Messi\n2012: Messi\n2013: Messi\n2014: Ronaldo\n2015: Messi\n2016: Messi\n2017: Messi\n2018: Messi\n2019: Messi\n2020: Benzema\n2021: Messi\n2022: Benzema\n2023: Lewandowski\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nEFE Trophy\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1990–91: Fernández\n1991–92: Zalazar\n1992–93: Zamorano\n1993–94: Romário\n1994–95: Zamorano\n1995–96: Simeone\n1996–97: Ronaldo\n1997–98: Roberto Carlos\n1998–99: Rivaldo\n1999–2000: Herrera\n2000–01: Acuña\n2001–02: Saviola\n2002–03: Ronaldo\n2003–04: Ronaldinho\n2004–05: Forlán\n2005–06: Aimar\n2006–07: Messi\n2007–08: Agüero\n2008–09: Messi\n2009–10: Messi\n2010–11: Messi\n2011–12: Messi\n2012–13: C. Ronaldo\n2013–14: Diego Costa\n2014–15: Suárez\n2015–16: Navas\n2016–17: Real Madrid\n2017–18: Cavani\n2018–19: not awarded\n2019–20: Santos & Casemiro\n2020–21: Suárez\n2021–22: Vinícius Jr.\n2022–23: Vinícius Jr.\n2023–24: Vinícius Jr.\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nLandon Donovan MVP Award\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1996: Valderrama\n1997: Preki\n1998: Etcheverry\n1999: Kreis\n2000: Meola\n2001: Pineda Chacón\n2002: Ruiz\n2003: Preki\n2004: Guevara\n2005: Twellman\n2006: Gómez\n2007: Emílio\n2008: Barros Schelotto\n2009: Donovan\n2010: Ferreira\n2011: De Rosario\n2012: Wondolowski\n2013: Magee\n2014: Keane\n2015: Giovinco\n2016: Villa\n2017: Valeri\n2018: Martínez\n2019: Vela\n2020: Pozuelo\n2021: Gil\n2022: Mukhtar\n2023: Acosta\n2024: Messi\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nGolden Boy award winners\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n2003: Van der Vaart\n2004: Rooney\n2005: Messi\n2006: Fàbregas\n2007: Agüero\n2008: Anderson\n2009: Pato\n2010: Balotelli\n2011: Götze\n2012: Isco\n2013: Pogba\n2014: Sterling\n2015: Martial\n2016: Sanches\n2017: Mbappé\n2018: De Ligt\n2019: Félix\n2020: Haaland\n2021: Pedri\n2022: Gavi\n2023: Bellingham\n2024: Yamal\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nBravo Award\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1978: Case\n1979: Birtles\n1980: H. Müller\n1981: Wark\n1982: Shaw\n1983: Bonini\n1984: Righetti\n1985: Butragueño\n1986: Butragueño\n1987: van Basten\n1988: Ohana\n1989: Maldini\n1990: Baggio\n1991: Prosinečki\n1992: Guardiola\n1993: Giggs\n1994: Panucci\n1995: Kluivert\n1996: Del Piero\n1997: Ronaldo\n1998: Ronaldo\n1999: Buffon\n2000: Casillas\n2001: Hargreaves\n2002: Metzelder\n2003: Rooney\n2004: C. Ronaldo\n2005: Robben\n2006: Fàbregas\n2007: Messi\n2008: Benzema\n2009: Busquets\n2010: T. Müller\n2011: Hazard\n2012: Verratti\n2013: Isco\n2014: Pogba\n2015: Berardi\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nFIFA Club World Cup / FIFA Intercontinental Cup Golden Ball\n|\n| --- |\n| FIFA Club World Cup | \n\n2000:  Edílson\n2005:  Rogério Ceni\n2006:  Deco\n2007:  Kaká\n2008:  Rooney\n2009:  Messi\n2010:  Eto\'o\n2011:  Messi\n2012:  Cássio\n2013:  Ribéry\n2014:  Ramos\n2015:  Suárez\n2016:  Ronaldo\n2017:  Modrić\n2018:  Bale\n2019:  Salah\n2020:  Lewandowski\n2021:  Thiago Silva\n2022:  Vinícius Jr.\n2023:  Rodri\n\n|\n| FIFA Intercontinental Cup | \n\n2024:  Vinícius Jr.\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nEuropean Golden Shoe\n|\n| --- |\n| L\'Équipe award | \n\n1967–68: Eusébio\n1968–69: Zhekov\n1969–70: Müller\n1970–71: Skoblar\n1971–72: Müller\n1972–73: Eusébio\n1973–74: Yazalde\n1974–75: Georgescu\n1975–76: Kaiafas\n1976–77: Georgescu\n1977–78: Krankl\n1978–79: Kist\n1979–80: Vandenbergh\n1980–81: Slavkov\n1981–82: Kieft\n1982–83: Gomes\n1983–84: Rush\n1984–85: Gomes\n1985–86: Van Basten\n1986–87: Cămătaru & Polster\n1987–88: Çolak\n1988–89: Mateuț\n1989–90: Sánchez & Stoichkov\n1990–91: Pančev\n\n|\n| Unofficial | \n\n1991–92: McCoist\n1992–93: McCoist\n1993–94: Taylor\n1994–95: Avetisyan\n1995–96: Endeladze\n\n|\n| ESM award | \n\n1996–97: Ronaldo\n1997–98: Machlas\n1998–99: Jardel\n1999–2000: Phillips\n2000–01: Larsson\n2001–02: Jardel\n2002–03: Makaay\n2003–04: Henry\n2004–05: Henry & Forlán\n2005–06: Toni\n2006–07: Totti\n2007–08: C. Ronaldo\n2008–09: Forlán\n2009–10: Messi\n2010–11: C. Ronaldo\n2011–12: Messi\n2012–13: Messi\n2013–14: C. Ronaldo & Suárez\n2014–15: C. Ronaldo\n2015–16: Suárez\n2016–17: Messi\n2017–18: Messi\n2018–19: Messi\n2019–20: Immobile\n2020–21: Lewandowski\n2021–22: Lewandowski\n2022–23: Haaland\n2023–24: Kane\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nEuropean Cup and UEFA Champions League top scorers\n|\n| --- |\n| European Cup era | \n\n1956: Milutinović\n1957: Viollet\n1958: Di Stéfano\n1959: Fontaine\n1960: Puskás\n1961: J. Águas\n1962: Di Stéfano, Løfqvist, Puskás, Strehl & Tejada\n1963: Altafini\n1964: Kovačević, Mazzola & Puskás\n1965: Eusébio & Torres\n1966: Albert & Eusébio\n1967: Piepenburg & Van Himst\n1968: Eusébio\n1969: Law\n1970: Jones\n1971: Antoniadis\n1972: Dunai, Macari & Takač\n1973: Müller\n1974: Müller\n1975: Markarov & Müller\n1976: Heynckes\n1977: Cucinotta & Müller\n1978: Simonsen\n1979: Sulser\n1980: Lerby\n1981: McDermott, Rummenigge & Souness\n1982: Hoeneß\n1983: Rossi\n1984: Sokol\n1985: Nilsson & Platini\n1986: Nilsson\n1987: Cvetković\n1988: R. Águas, Ferreri, Hagi, Madjer, McCoist, Míchel & Novák\n1989: Van Basten\n1990: Papin & Romário\n1991: Pacult & Papin\n1992: Papin & Yuran\n\n|\n| UEFA Champions League era | \n\n1993: Romário\n1994: Koeman & Rufer\n1995: Weah\n1996: Litmanen\n1997: Pantić\n1998: Del Piero\n1999: Shevchenko & Yorke\n2000: Jardel, Raúl & Rivaldo\n2001: Raúl\n2002: Van Nistelrooy\n2003: Van Nistelrooy\n2004: Morientes\n2005: Van Nistelrooy\n2006: Shevchenko\n2007: Kaká\n2008: Ronaldo\n2009: Messi\n2010: Messi\n2011: Messi\n2012: Messi\n2013: Ronaldo\n2014: Ronaldo\n2015: Messi, Neymar & Ronaldo\n2016: Ronaldo\n2017: Ronaldo\n2018: Ronaldo\n2019: Messi\n2020: Lewandowski\n2021: Haaland\n2022: Benzema\n2023: Haaland\n2024: Kane & Mbappé\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nLa Liga top scorers\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1929: Bienzobas\n1930: Gorostiza\n1931: Bata\n1932: Bata\n1933: Olivares\n1934: Lángara\n1935: Lángara\n1936: Lángara\n1940: Unamuno\n1941: Pruden\n1942: E. Suárez\n1943: Martín\n1944: E. Suárez\n1945: Zarra\n1946: Zarra\n1947: Zarra\n1948: Pahiño\n1949: César\n1950: Zarra\n1951: Zarra\n1952: Pahiño\n1953: Zarra\n1954: Di Stéfano\n1955: Arza\n1956: Di Stéfano\n1957: Di Stéfano\n1958: Badenes, Di Stéfano & Ricardo\n1959: Di Stéfano\n1960: Puskás\n1961: Puskás\n1962: Seminario\n1963: Puskás\n1964: Puskás\n1965: Ré\n1966: Aragonés & Vavá\n1967: Waldo\n1968: Uriarte\n1969: Amancio & Gárate\n1970: Amancio, Aragonés & Gárate\n1971: Gárate & Rexach\n1972: Porta\n1973: Marianín\n1974: Quini\n1975: Carlos\n1976: Quini\n1977: Kempes\n1978: Kempes\n1979: Krankl\n1980: Quini\n1981: Quini\n1982: Quini\n1983: Rincón\n1984: Da Silva & Juanito\n1985: Sánchez\n1986: Sánchez\n1987: Sánchez\n1988: Sánchez\n1989: Baltazar\n1990: Sánchez\n1991: Butragueño\n1992: Manolo\n1993: Bebeto\n1994: Romário\n1995: Zamorano\n1996: Pizzi\n1997: Ronaldo\n1998: Vieri\n1999: Raúl\n2000: Salva\n2001: Raúl\n2002: Tristán\n2003: Makaay\n2004: Ronaldo\n2005: Eto\'o & Forlán\n2006: Eto\'o\n2007: Van Nistelrooy\n2008: Güiza\n2009: Forlán\n2010: Messi\n2011: C. Ronaldo\n2012: Messi\n2013: Messi\n2014: C. Ronaldo\n2015: C. Ronaldo\n2016: L. Suárez\n2017: Messi\n2018: Messi\n2019: Messi\n2020: Messi\n2021: Messi\n2022: Benzema\n2023: Lewandowski\n2024: Dovbyk\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nFIFA Club World Cup / FIFA Intercontinental Cup top scorers\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n2000: Anelka & Romário\n2005: Amoroso, Crouch, Noor & Saborío\n2006: Aboutrika\n2007: Washington\n2008: Rooney\n2009: Denílson\n2010: Molina\n2011: Messi & Adriano\n2012: Delgado & Satō\n2013: Ronaldinho, Conca, Delgado & Iajour\n2014: Bale, Ramos & Torrado\n2015: Suárez\n2016: Ronaldo\n2017: Ronaldo, Romarinho & Antônio\n2018: Bale & Borré\n2019: Bounedjah & Elhouni\n2020: Gignac\n2021: Lukaku, Veiga, Ibrahim & Diaby\n2022: Pedro\n2023: Alvarez, Maâloul & Benzema\n2024: Rahimi\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nCopa del Rey top scorers\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1986: Azcona, Merayo & R. Sosa\n1987: H. Sánchez & Narciso\n1988: Bakero\n1989: Alzugaray\n1990: Aldridge & Moya\n1991: Ziganda\n1992: Polster, Rivera & Rodríguez\n1993: Urban\n1994: Coca & Gudelj\n1995: Penev\n1996: Pantić\n1997: Klimowicz\n1998: Rivaldo\n1999: C. López\n2000: Arenaza, Barata, Cembranos, Gâlcă, Hasselbaink, Míchel & Yordi\n2001: Salva\n2002: Guti & Raúl\n2003: Portillo\n2004: Raúl\n2005: Huegún, Alejandro & Muñoz\n2006: Ewerthon\n2007: Saviola\n2008: Migue\n2009: Messi & Luís Fabiano\n2010: Maxi\n2011: Messi & Ronaldo\n2012: Infante\n2013: Costa\n2014: Messi\n2015: Aspas & Neymar\n2016: Guidetti, Messi, Munir, Negredo & Suárez\n2017: Ben Yedder & Messi\n2018: Curto\n2019: Ángel & Toko Ekambi\n2020: Isak\n2021: León\n2022: Iglesias\n2023: García\n2024: Abdón & Douvikas & Villalibre\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nLeagues Cup top scorers\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n2019: Ibargüen\n2021: Mena\n2023: Messi\n2024: Baribo\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2007 FIFA FIFPRO World 11\n|\n| --- |\n| \nGoalkeeper Gianluigi BuffonDefenders Fabio Cannavaro Alessandro Nesta Carles Puyol John TerryMidfielders Steven Gerrard Kaká Cristiano RonaldoForwards Didier Drogba Lionel Messi Ronaldinho\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2008 FIFA FIFPRO World 11\n|\n| --- |\n| \nGoalkeeper Iker CasillasDefenders Rio Ferdinand Carles Puyol Sergio Ramos John TerryMidfielders Steven Gerrard Kaká XaviForwards Lionel Messi Cristiano Ronaldo Fernando Torres\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2009 FIFA FIFPRO World 11\n|\n| --- |\n| \nGoalkeeper Iker CasillasDefenders Dani Alves Patrice Evra John Terry Nemanja VidićMidfielders Steven Gerrard Andrés Iniesta XaviForwards Lionel Messi Cristiano Ronaldo Fernando Torres\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2010 FIFA FIFPRO World 11\n|\n| --- |\n| \nGoalkeeper Iker CasillasDefenders Lúcio Maicon Gerard Piqué Carles PuyolMidfielders Andrés Iniesta Wesley Sneijder XaviForwards Lionel Messi Cristiano Ronaldo David Villa\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2011 FIFA FIFPRO World 11\n|\n| --- |\n| \nGoalkeeper Iker CasillasDefenders Dani Alves Gerard Piqué Sergio Ramos Nemanja VidićMidfielders Xabi Alonso Andrés Iniesta XaviForwards Lionel Messi Cristiano Ronaldo Wayne Rooney\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2012 FIFA FIFPRO World 11\n|\n| --- |\n| \nGoalkeeper Iker CasillasDefenders Dani Alves Marcelo Gerard Piqué Sergio RamosMidfielders Xabi Alonso Andrés Iniesta XaviForwards Radamel Falcao Lionel Messi Cristiano Ronaldo\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2013 FIFA FIFPRO World 11\n|\n| --- |\n| \nGoalkeeper Manuel NeuerDefenders Dani Alves Philipp Lahm Sergio Ramos Thiago SilvaMidfielders Andrés Iniesta Franck Ribéry XaviForwards Zlatan Ibrahimović Lionel Messi Cristiano Ronaldo\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2014 FIFA FIFPRO World 11\n|\n| --- |\n| \nGoalkeeper Manuel NeuerDefenders David Luiz Philipp Lahm Sergio Ramos Thiago SilvaMidfielders Ángel Di María Andrés Iniesta Toni KroosForwards Arjen Robben Cristiano Ronaldo Lionel Messi\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2015 FIFA FIFPRO World 11\n|\n| --- |\n| \nGoalkeeper Manuel NeuerDefenders Dani Alves Marcelo Sergio Ramos Thiago SilvaMidfielders Andrés Iniesta Luka Modrić Paul PogbaForwards Lionel Messi Neymar Cristiano Ronaldo\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2016 FIFA FIFPRO World 11\n|\n| --- |\n| \nGoalkeeper Manuel NeuerDefenders Dani Alves Marcelo Gerard Piqué Sergio RamosMidfielders Andrés Iniesta Toni Kroos Luka ModrićForwards Lionel Messi Cristiano Ronaldo Luis Suárez\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2017 FIFA FIFPRO World 11\n|\n| --- |\n| \nGoalkeeper Gianluigi BuffonDefenders Dani Alves Leonardo Bonucci Marcelo Sergio RamosMidfielders Andrés Iniesta Toni Kroos Luka ModrićForwards Lionel Messi Neymar Cristiano Ronaldo\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2018 FIFA FIFPRO World 11\n|\n| --- |\n| \nGoalkeeper David De GeaDefenders Dani Alves Marcelo Sergio Ramos Raphaël VaraneMidfielders Eden Hazard N\'Golo Kanté Luka ModrićForwards Kylian Mbappé Lionel Messi Cristiano Ronaldo\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2019 FIFA FIFPRO World 11\n|\n| --- |\n| \nGoalkeeper AlissonDefenders Matthijs de Ligt Marcelo Sergio Ramos Virgil van DijkMidfielders Frenkie de Jong Eden Hazard Luka ModrićForwards Kylian Mbappé Lionel Messi Cristiano Ronaldo\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2020 FIFA FIFPRO World 11\n|\n| --- |\n| \nGoalkeeper AlissonDefenders Trent Alexander-Arnold Alphonso Davies Sergio Ramos Virgil van DijkMidfielders Kevin De Bruyne Joshua Kimmich ThiagoForwards Robert Lewandowski Lionel Messi Cristiano Ronaldo\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2021 FIFA FIFPRO World 11\n|\n| --- |\n| \nGoalkeeper Gianluigi DonnarummaDefenders David Alaba Leonardo Bonucci Rúben DiasMidfielders Kevin De Bruyne Jorginho N\'Golo KantéForwards Erling Haaland Robert Lewandowski Lionel Messi Cristiano Ronaldo\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2022 FIFA FIFPRO World 11\n|\n| --- |\n| \nGoalkeeper Thibaut CourtoisDefenders João Cancelo Achraf Hakimi Virgil van DijkMidfielders Casemiro Kevin De Bruyne Luka ModrićForwards Karim Benzema Erling Haaland Kylian Mbappé Lionel Messi\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2023 FIFA FIFPRO World 11\n|\n| --- |\n| \nGoalkeeper Thibaut CourtoisDefenders Rúben Dias John Stones Kyle WalkerMidfielders Jude Bellingham Kevin De Bruyne Bernardo SilvaForwards Erling Haaland Kylian Mbappé Lionel Messi Vinícius Júnior\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2008 UEFA Team of the Year\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\nGK: Casillas\nRB: Ramos\nCB: Terry\nCB: Puyol\nLB: Lahm\nMF: C. Ronaldo\nMF: Xavi\nMF: Fàbregas\nMF: Ribéry\nFW: Messi\nFW: Torres\nCoach: Ferguson\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2009 UEFA Team of the Year\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\nGK: Casillas\nRB: Alves\nCB: Terry\nCB: Puyol\nLB: Evra\nMF: C. Ronaldo\nMF: Xavi\nMF: Kaká\nMF: Iniesta\nFW: Messi\nFW: Ibrahimović\nCoach: Guardiola\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2010 UEFA Team of the Year\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\nGK: Casillas\nRB: Maicon\nCB: Piqué\nCB: Puyol\nLB: Cole\nMF: C. Ronaldo\nMF: Xavi\nMF: Sneijder\nMF: Iniesta\nFW: Messi\nFW: Villa\nCoach: Mourinho\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2011 UEFA Team of the Year\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\nGK: Casillas\nRB: Alves\nCB: Piqué\nCB: Silva\nLB: Marcelo\nMF: Robben\nMF: Xavi\nMF: Iniesta\nMF: Bale\nFW: Messi\nFW: C. Ronaldo\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2012 UEFA Team of the Year\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\nGK: Casillas\nRB: Ramos\nCB: Piqué\nCB: Silva\nLB: Lahm\nMF: Iniesta\nMF: Xavi\nMF: Pirlo\nMF: Özil\nFW: Messi\nFW: C. Ronaldo\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2014 UEFA Team of the Year\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\nGK: Neuer\nRB: Lahm\nCB: Ramos\nCB: Godín\nLB: Alaba\nMF: Robben\nMF: Kroos\nMF: Di María\nFW: Messi\nFW: Ibrahimović\nFW: C. Ronaldo\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2015 UEFA Team of the Year\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\nGK: Neuer\nRB: Alves\nCB: Ramos\nCB: Piqué\nLB: Alaba\nMF: Pogba\nMF: Iniesta\nMF: Rodríguez\nFW: C. Ronaldo\nFW: Messi\nFW: Neymar\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2016 UEFA Team of the Year\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\nGK: Buffon\nRB: Boateng\nCB: Piqué\nCB: Ramos\nLB: Bonucci\nMF: Modrić\nMF: Kroos\nMF: Iniesta\nFW: Messi\nFW: Griezmann\nFW: C. Ronaldo\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2017 UEFA Team of the Year\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\nGK: Buffon\nRB: Alves\nCB: Ramos\nCB: Chiellini\nLB: Marcelo\nMF: Modrić\nMF: Kroos\nMF: De Bruyne\nMF: Hazard\nFW: Messi\nFW: C. Ronaldo\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2018 UEFA Team of the Year\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\nGK: Ter Stegen\nRB: Ramos\nCB: van Dijk\nCB: Varane\nLB: Marcelo\nMF: Modrić\nMF: Kanté\nMF: Hazard\nMF: Kylian Mbappé\nFW: Messi\nFW: C. Ronaldo\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2019 UEFA Team of the Year\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\nGK: Alisson\nRB: Alexander-Arnold\nCB: De Ligt\nCB: Van Dijk\nLB: Robertson\nMF: De Jong\nMF: De Bruyne\nRW: Messi\nFW: Ronaldo\nFW: Lewandowski\nLW: Mané\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2020 UEFA Team of the Year\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\nGK: Neuer\nRB: Kimmich\nCB: Ramos\nCB: van Dijk\nLB: Davies\nMF: Thiago\nMF: De Bruyne\nMF: Messi\nRW: C. Ronaldo\nFW: Lewandowski\nLW: Neymar\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2014–15 La Liga Team of the Year\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\nGK: Bravo\nRB: Dani Alves\nCB: Piqué\nCB: Otamendi\nLB: Alba\nMF: J. Rodríguez\nMF: Krychowiak\nMF: Rakitić\nFW: Messi\nFW: Ronaldo\nFW: Griezmann\nManager: Luis Enrique\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2015–16 La Liga Team of the Year\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\nGK: Oblak\nRB: Ramos\nCB: Piqué\nCB: Godín\nLB: Marcelo\nMF: Iniesta\nMF: Busquets\nMF: Modrić\nFW: Messi\nFW: Ronaldo\nFW: Suárez\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2022–23 Ligue 1 UNFP Team of the Year\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\nGK: Samba\nDF: Hakimi\nDF: Mbemba\nDF: Danso\nDF: Mendes\nMF: Thuram\nMF: Rongier\nMF: Fofana\nFW: Messi\nFW: Openda\nFW: Mbappé\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\n2024 MLS Best XI\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\nGK: Kahlina\nDF: Alba\nDF: Gómez\nDF: Moreira\nMF: Acosta\nMF: Evander\nMF: Puig\nFW: Benteke\nFW: Bouanga\nFW: Hernández\nFW: Messi\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nSports Illustrated Soccer 2000s All-Decade Team\n|\n| --- |\n| Goalkeeper | \n\n Gianluigi Buffon\n\n|\n| Defenders | \n\n Cafu\n Fabio Cannavaro\n Paolo Maldini\n Roberto Carlos\n\n|\n| Midfielders | \n\n Cristiano Ronaldo\n Zinedine Zidane\n Patrick Vieira\n Lionel Messi\n Ronaldinho\n\n|\n| Forwards | \n\n Ronaldo\n\n|\n| Manager | \n\n Guus Hiddink\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nUEFA All-time XI\n|\n| --- |\n| Goalkeeper | \n\n Iker Casillas\n\n|\n| Defenders | \n\n Philipp Lahm\n Carles Puyol\n Gerard Piqué\n Sergio Ramos\n\n|\n| Midfielders | \n\n Andrés Iniesta\n Steven Gerrard\n Xavi\n\n|\n| Forwards | \n\n Cristiano Ronaldo\n Thierry Henry\n Lionel Messi\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nBallon d\'Or Dream Team\n|\n| --- |\n| First Team | \nGoalkeeper Lev YashinDefenders Cafu Franz Beckenbauer Paolo MaldiniMidfielders Diego Maradona Xavi Lothar Matthäus PeléForwards Lionel Messi Ronaldo Cristiano Ronaldo\n|\n| Second Team | \nGoalkeeper Gianluigi BuffonDefenders Carlos Alberto Franco Baresi Roberto CarlosMidfielders/ Alfredo Di Stéfano Andrea Pirlo Frank Rijkaard Zinedine ZidaneForwards Garrincha Johan Cruyff Ronaldinho\n|\n| Third Team | \nGoalkeeper Manuel NeuerDefenders Philipp Lahm Sergio Ramos Paul BreitnerMidfielders Michel Platini Johan Neeskens Didi Andrés IniestaForwards George Best Marco van Basten Thierry Henry\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nIFFHS All-time Men\'s World Dream Team\n|\n| --- |\n| Dream Team | \nGoalkeeper Lev YashinDefenders Cafu Franz Beckenbauer Franco Baresi Paolo MaldiniMidfielders Xavi Diego Maradona Johan CruyffForwards Cristiano Ronaldo Pelé Lionel Messi\n|\n| B Team | \nGoalkeeper Gianluigi BuffonDefenders Carlos Alberto Bobby Moore Daniel Passarella Roberto CarlosMidfielders Lothar Matthäus Zinedine Zidane Michel PlatiniForwards Ronaldo Gerd Müller/ Alfredo Di Stéfano\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nIFFHS All-time Men\'s South American Dream Team\n|\n| --- |\n| Goalkeeper | \n\n Amadeo Carrizo\n\n|\n| Defenders | \n\n Cafu\n Elías Figueroa\n Daniel Passarella\n Roberto Carlos\n\n|\n| Midfielders | \n\n Didi\n Diego Maradona\n Zico\n\n|\n| Forwards | \n\n Alfredo Di Stéfano\n Pelé\n Lionel Messi\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nIFFHS World\'s Man Team of the Decade 2011–2020\n|\n| --- |\n| Goalkeeper | \n\n Manuel Neuer\n\n|\n| Defenders | \n\n Philipp Lahm\n Sergio Ramos\n Virgil van Dijk\n Marcelo\n\n|\n| Midfielders | \n\n Toni Kroos\n Andrés Iniesta\n Luka Modrić\n\n|\n| Forwards | \n\n Lionel Messi\n Robert Lewandowski\n Cristiano Ronaldo\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nAldo Rovira Trophy\n|\n| --- |\n| \nMen\'s winners \n\n2009–10: Messi\n2010–11: Messi\n2011–12: Abidal\n2012–13: Messi\n2013–14: Mascherano\n2014–15: Messi\n2015–16: Suárez\n2016–17: Messi\n2017–18: Messi\n2018–19: Piqué\n2019–20: Ter Stegen\n2020–21: Pedri\n2021–22: Gavi\n2022–23: Ter Stegen\n2023–24: Yamal\n\n|\n| \nWomen\'s winners\n*   2020–21: Putellas\n*   2021–22: Putellas\n*   2022–23: Bonmatí\n*   2023–24: Bonmatí\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nPremi Barça Jugadors\n|\n| --- |\n| \nMen\'s winners \n\n2009–10: Bojan\n2010–11: Iniesta\n2011–12: Xavi\n2012–13: Xavi\n2013–14: Puyol\n2014–15: Mascherano\n2015–16: Messi\n2016–17: Roberto\n2017–18: Rakitić\n2018–19: not awarded\n2019–20: Ter Stegen\n2020–21: de Jong\n2021–22: Pedri\n2022–23: Ter Stegen\n2023–24: Yamal\n\n|\n| \nWomen\'s winners\n*   2019–20: Putellas\n*   2020–21: Bonmatí\n*   2021–22: Bonmatí\n*   2022–23: Bonmatí\n*   2023–24: Bonmatí\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nLaureus World Sports Award for Sportsman of the Year\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n2000: Tiger Woods\n2001: Tiger Woods\n2002: Michael Schumacher\n2003: ~Lance Armstrong~\n2004: Michael Schumacher\n2005: Roger Federer\n2006: Roger Federer\n2007: Roger Federer\n2008: Roger Federer\n2009: Usain Bolt\n2010: Usain Bolt\n2011: Rafael Nadal\n2012: Novak Djokovic\n2013: Usain Bolt\n2014: Sebastian Vettel\n2015: Novak Djokovic\n2016: Novak Djokovic\n2017: Usain Bolt\n2018: Roger Federer\n2019: Novak Djokovic\n2020: Lewis Hamilton & Lionel Messi\n2021: Rafael Nadal\n2022: Max Verstappen\n2023: Lionel Messi\n2024: Novak Djokovic\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nBBC Sports Personality World Sport Star of the Year\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n1960: Herb Elliott\n1961: Valeriy Brumel\n1962: Donald Jackson\n1963: Jacques Anquetil\n1964: Abebe Bikila\n1965: Ron Clarke & Gary Player\n1966: Eusébio & Garfield Sobers\n1967: George Moore\n1968: Ludmila Belousova & Oleg Protopopov\n1969: Rod Laver\n1970: Pelé\n1971: Lee Trevino\n1972: Olga Korbut\n1973: Muhammad Ali\n1974: Muhammad Ali\n1975: Arthur Ashe\n1976: Nadia Comăneci\n1977: Niki Lauda\n1978: Muhammad Ali\n1979: Björn Borg\n1980: Jack Nicklaus\n1981: Chris Evert\n1982: Jimmy Connors\n1983: Carl Lewis\n1984: Seve Ballesteros\n1985: Boris Becker\n1986: Greg Norman\n1987: Martina Navratilova\n1988: Steffi Graf\n1989: Mike Tyson\n1990: Mal Meninga\n1991: Mike Powell\n1992: Andre Agassi\n1993: Greg Norman\n1994: Brian Lara\n1995: Jonah Lomu\n1996: Evander Holyfield & Michael Johnson\n1997: Martina Hingis\n1998: Mark O\'Meara\n1999: Maurice Greene\n2000: Tiger Woods\n2001: Goran Ivanišević\n2002: Ronaldo\n2003: ~Lance Armstrong~\n2004: Roger Federer\n2005: Shane Warne\n2006: Roger Federer\n2007: Roger Federer\n2008: Usain Bolt\n2009: Usain Bolt\n2010: Rafael Nadal\n2011: Novak Djokovic\n2012: Usain Bolt\n2013: Sebastian Vettel\n2014: Cristiano Ronaldo\n2015: Dan Carter\n2016: Simone Biles\n2017: Roger Federer\n2018: Francesco Molinari\n2019: Eliud Kipchoge\n2020: Khabib Nurmagomedov\n2021: Rachael Blackmore\n2022: Lionel Messi\n2023: Erling Haaland\n2024: Armand Duplantis\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nL\'Équipe Champion of Champions\n|\n| --- |\n| Original award | \n\n1980: Eric Heiden\n1981: Sebastian Coe\n1982: Paolo Rossi\n1983: Carl Lewis\n1984: Carl Lewis\n1985: Sergey Bubka\n1986: Diego Maradona\n1987: ~Ben Johnson~\n1988: Florence Griffith Joyner\n1989: Greg LeMond\n1990: Ayrton Senna\n1991: Carl Lewis\n1992: Michael Jordan\n1993: Noureddine Morceli\n1994: Romário\n1995: Jonathan Edwards\n1996: Michael Johnson\n1997: Sergey Bubka\n1998: Zinedine Zidane\n1999: Andre Agassi\n2000: Tiger Woods\n2001: Michael Schumacher\n2002: Michael Schumacher\n2003: Michael Schumacher\n2004: Hicham El Guerrouj\n2005: Roger Federer\n2006: Roger Federer\n2007: Roger Federer\n2008: Usain Bolt\n2009: Usain Bolt\n2010: Rafael Nadal\n2011: Lionel Messi\n\n|\n| Male and female\nawards separated | \nMale award2012: Usain Bolt2013: Rafael Nadal2014: Renaud Lavillenie2015: Usain Bolt2016: Usain Bolt2017: Roger Federer & Rafael Nadal2018: Marcel Hirscher2019: Rafael Nadal2020: Lewis Hamilton2021: Novak Djokovic2022: Lionel Messi2023: Novak Djokovic2024: Léon MarchandFemale award2012: Serena Williams2013: Serena Williams2014: Katie Ledecky2015: Serena Williams2016: Simone Biles2017: Katie Ledecky2018: Simone Biles2019: Simone Biles2020: Marte Olsbu Røiseland2021: Elaine Thompson-Herah2022: Iga Świątek2023: Simone Biles2024: Simone Biles\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nBest International Athlete ESPY Award winners\n|\n| --- |\n| \n\n2006: Pujols\n2007: Federer\n2008: Nadal\n2009: Bolt\n2010–2011: Award not given\n2012: Messi\n2013: Bolt\n2014: Ronaldo\n2015: Messi\n2016: Ronaldo\n2017: Bolt\n2018: Ronaldo\n2019: Messi\n2020: Award not given\n2021: Ronaldo\n2022: Mbappé\n\n|\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nNotable people from Rosario\n|\n| --- |\n| Culture | \n\nRoberto Fontanarrosa\nLucio Fontana\nJosé Bonaparte\nGuillermo Gianninazzi\nErminio Blotta\nJuan-David Nasio\nLeticia Cossettini\nOlga Cossettini\n\n|\n| Sport | \n\nVicente de la Mata\nMarcelo Bielsa\nJuan Imhoff\nCésar Menotti\nÁngel Di María\nMauro Icardi\nÉver Banega\nCésar Delgado\nKily González\nMarcelo Delgado\nLuciano Figueroa\nEdgardo Bauza\nLionel Messi\nEzequiel Garay\nMaxi Rodríguez\nTomás Carlovich\n\n|\n| Politics | \n\nChe Guevara\nAgustín Rossi\nLisandro de la Torre\n\n|\n| Entertainment | \n\nLibertad Lamarque\nAlberto Olmedo\nDarío Grandinetti\nLuis Machín\nRenata Fronzi\nJuan Carlos Baglietto\nFito Páez\nLiliana Herrero\nLitto Nebbia\nJosé Cura\nAngélica Gorodischer\nDaniel Rivera\n\n|\n| \nAuthority control databases \n|\n| --- |\n| International | \n\nISNI\nVIAF\nFAST\nWorldCat\n\n|\n| National | \n\nGermany\nUnited States\nFrance\nBnF data\nJapan\nItaly\nCzech Republic\nRussia\nSpain\nNetherlands\nNorway\nTaiwan\nLatvia\nCroatia\nChile\nGreece\nKorea\nSweden\nPoland\nIsrael\nCatalonia\n\n|\n| Artists | \n\nMusée d\'Orsay\n\n|\n| People | \n\nDDB\n\n|\n| Other | \n\nIdRef\n\n|\nRetrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lionel_Messi&oldid=1280357026"\nCategories:\n\nMajor League Soccer players\nLionel Messi\n1987 births\nLiving people\n2006 FIFA World Cup players\n2007 Copa América players\n2010 FIFA World Cup players\n2011 Copa América players\n2014 FIFA World Cup players\n2015 Copa América players\nCopa América Centenario players\n2018 FIFA World Cup players\n2019 Copa América players\n2021 Copa América players\n2022 FIFA World Cup players\n2024 Copa América players\nFIFA World Cup–winning players\nArgentina men\'s international footballers\nArgentina men\'s under-20 international footballers\nArgentina men\'s youth international footballers\nArgentine emigrants to Spain\nArgentine expatriate men\'s footballers\nArgentine expatriate sportspeople in France\nArgentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain\nArgentine expatriate sportspeople in the United States\nArgentine men\'s footballers\nArgentine fraudsters\nArgentine people of Catalan descent\nArgentine sportspeople of Italian descent\nArgentine sportspeople of Spanish descent\nArgentine philanthropists\nArgentine Roman Catholics\nBallon d\'Or winners\nCopa América–winning players\nDesignated Players (MLS)\nExpatriate men\'s footballers in France\nExpatriate men\'s footballers in Spain\nExpatriate men\'s soccer players in the United States\nFC Barcelona players\nFC Barcelona Atlètic players\nFC Barcelona C players\nFIFA Men\'s Century Club\nFIFA World Player of the Year winners\nFootballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics\nFootballers from Barcelona\nFootballers from Rosario, Santa Fe\nGolden Boy winners\nInter Miami CF players\nLaureus World Sports Awards winners\nLa Liga players\nLigue 1 players\nMedalists at the 2008 Summer Olympics\nMen\'s association football forwards\nNaturalised citizens of Spain\nOlympic footballers for Argentina\nOlympic gold medalists for Argentina\nOlympic medalists in football\nParis Saint-Germain FC players\nPeople convicted of fraud\nPeople convicted of tax crimes\nPeople named in the Panama Papers\nPichichi Trophy winners\nSegunda División B players\nArgentine sportspeople convicted of crimes\nTercera División players\nThe Best FIFA Men\'s Player winners\nUEFA Champions League–winning players\nUEFA Champions League top scorers\nUEFA Men\'s Player of the Year Award winners\nUNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors\nWorld record holders\n21st-century Argentine sportsmen\nPresidential Medal of Freedom recipients\n\nHidden categories:\n\nPages using the Phonos extension\nCS1 Spanish-language sources (es)\nPages containing links to subscription-only content\nCS1 Italian-language sources (it)\nCS1 Chinese (Hong Kong)-language sources (zh-hk)\nCS1 Chinese (Taiwan)-language sources (zh-tw)\nWebarchive template wayback links\nAll articles with dead external links\nArticles with dead external links from February 2024\nCS1 French-language sources (fr)\nArticles with short description\nShort description is different from Wikidata\nGood articles\nWikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages\nWikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages\nUse British English from January 2024\nUse dmy dates from December 2024\nBiography with signature\nArticles with hCards\nPages using infobox football biography with a module\nPages with Spanish IPA\nPages including recorded pronunciations\nArticles containing Catalan-language text\nPages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata\nPages using national squad without comp link\n\nPages using national squad without sport or team link\n\n\nThis page was last edited on 14 March 2025, at 03:38\xa0(UTC).\n\n\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\n\n\nPrivacy policy\n\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\n\nMobile view\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSearch\nSearch\nToggle the table of contents\nLionel Messi\n\n179 languages Add topic',
   'images': []}],
 'failed_results': [],
 'response_time': 0.02}
```

### [Invoke with ToolCall](/oss/langchain/tools)

We can also invoke the tool with a model-generated ToolCall, in which case a ToolMessage will be returned:

```python
# This is usually generated by a model, but we'll create a tool call directly for demo purposes.
model_generated_tool_call = {
    "args": {"urls": ["https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi"]},
    "id": "1",
    "name": "tavily",
    "type": "tool_call",
}
tool_msg = tool.invoke(model_generated_tool_call)

# The content is a JSON string of results
print(tool_msg.content[:400])
```

```output
{"results": [{"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Messi", "raw_content": "Lionel Messi - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar hide\nNavigation\n\nMain page\nContents\nCurrent events\nRandom article\nAbout Wikipedia\nContact us\n\nContribute\n\nHelp\nLearn to edit\nCommunity portal\nRecent changes\nUpload file\nSpecial pages\n\n  \nSearch\nSearch\nAppearance\n\
```

## Use within an agent

We can use our tools directly with an agent executor by binding the tool to the agent. This gives the agent the ability to dynamically set the available arguments to the Tavily search tool.

<ChatModelTabs customVarName="llm" />

```python
if not os.environ.get("OPENAI_API_KEY"):
    os.environ["OPENAI_API_KEY"] = getpass.getpass("OPENAI_API_KEY:\n")
```

```python
# | output: false
# | echo: false

# !pip install -qU langchain langchain-openai
from langchain.chat_models import init_chat_model

llm = init_chat_model(model="gpt-4o", model_provider="openai", temperature=0)
```

```python
from langchain_tavily import TavilyExtract
from langchain.agents import create_agent

tavily_search_tool = TavilyExtract()

agent = create_agent(llm, [tavily_search_tool])

user_input = "['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein','https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics']"

for step in agent.stream(
    {"messages": user_input},
    stream_mode="values",
):
    step["messages"][-1].pretty_print()
```

```output
================================ Human Message =================================

['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein','https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics']
================================== Ai Message ==================================
Tool Calls:
  tavily_extract (call_BAK906Cpy8fDZttwqYTMdkKp)
 Call ID: call_BAK906Cpy8fDZttwqYTMdkKp
  Args:
    urls: ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einstein']
    extract_depth: advanced
    include_images: False
  tavily_extract (call_4NFRB92QpiI5jnCTGr76dgMX)
 Call ID: call_4NFRB92QpiI5jnCTGr76dgMX
  Args:
    urls: ['https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics']
    extract_depth: advanced
    include_images: False
================================= Tool Message =================================
Name: tavily_extract

{"results": [{"url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical_physics", "raw_content": "Published Time: 2003-09-21T15:11:11Z\nTheoretical physics - Wikipedia\nJump to content\nMain menu\nMain menu\nmove to sidebar hide\nNavigation\n\nMain page\nContents\nCurrent events\nRandom article\nAbout Wikipedia\nContact us\n\nContribute\n\nHelp\nLearn to edit\nCommunity portal\nRecent changes\nUpload file\nSpecial pages\n\n  \nSearch\nSearch\nAppearance\n\nDonate\nCreate account\nLog in\n\nPersonal tools\n\nDonate\nCreate account\nLog in\n\nPages for logged out editors learn more\n\nContributions\nTalk\n\nContents\nmove to sidebar hide\n\n(Top)\n\n1 Overview\n\n\n2 History\n\n\n3 Mainstream theoriesToggle Mainstream theories subsection\n\n3.1 Examples\n\n\n\n4 Proposed theories\n\n\n5 Fringe theoriesToggle Fringe theories subsection\n\n5.1 Examples\n\n\n\n6 Thought experiments vs real experiments\n\n\n7 See also\n\n\n8 Notes\n\n\n9 References\n\n\n10 Further reading\n\n\n11 External links\n\n\nToggle the table of contents\nTheoretical physics\n77 languages\n\nAfrikaans\nالعربية\nAsturianu\nAzərbaycanca\nবাংলা\nBasa Banyumasan\nБеларуская\nБеларуская (тарашкевіца)\nभोजपुरी\nБългарски\nBosanski\nBrezhoneg\nCatalà\nЧӑвашла\nČeština\nDansk\nDeutsch\nEesti\nΕλληνικά\nEspañol\nEsperanto\nEuskara\nفارسی\nFrançais\nFrysk\nGalego\n한국어\nՀայերեն\nहिन्दी\nHrvatski\nBahasa Indonesia\nInterlingua\nItaliano\nעברית\nҚазақша\nKurdî\nLatina\nLatviešu\nLietuvių\nMagyar\nМакедонски\nმარგალური\nBahasa Melayu\nМонгол\nNederlands\n日本語\nNorsk bokmål\nNorsk nynorsk\nਪੰਜਾਬੀ\nپنجابی\nPolski\nPortuguês\nRomână\nРусский\nScots\nShqip\nSlovenčina\nSlovenščina\nکوردی\nСрпски / srpski\nSrpskohrvatski / српскохрватски\nSunda\nSuomi\nSvenska\nTagalog\nதமிழ்\nТатарча / tatarça\nไทย\nTürkçe\nУкраїнська\nاردو\nTiếng Việt\nWinaray\n吴语\n粵語\nZazaki\n中文\n\nEdit links\n\nArticle\nTalk\n\nEnglish\n\nRead\nEdit\nView history\n\nTools\nTools\nmove to sidebar hide\nActions\n\nRead\nEdit\nView history\n\nGeneral\n\nWhat links here\nRelated changes\nUpload file\nPermanent link\nPage information\nCite this page\nGet shortened URL\nDownload QR code\n\nPrint/export\n\nDownload as PDF\nPrintable version\n\nIn other projects\n\nWikimedia Commons\nWikiversity\nWikidata item\n\nAppearance\nmove to sidebar hide\nFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia\nBranch of physics\n\nVisual representation of a Schwarzschild wormhole. Wormholes have never been observed, but they are predicted to exist through mathematical models and scientific theory.\nTheoretical physics is a branch of physics that employs mathematical models and abstractions of physical objects and systems to rationalize, explain, and predict natural phenomena. This is in contrast to experimental physics, which uses experimental tools to probe these phenomena.\nThe advancement of science generally depends on the interplay between experimental studies and theory. In some cases, theoretical physics adheres to standards of mathematical rigour while giving little weight to experiments and observations.[a] For example, while developing special relativity, Albert Einstein was concerned with the Lorentz transformation which left Maxwell's equations invariant, but was apparently uninterested in the Michelson–Morley experiment on Earth's drift through a luminiferous aether.[1] Conversely, Einstein was awarded the Nobel Prize for explaining the photoelectric effect, previously an experimental result lacking a theoretical formulation.[2]\nOverview\n[edit]\nA physical theory is a model of physical events. It is judged by the extent to which its predictions agree with empirical observations. The quality of a physical theory is also judged on its ability to make new predictions which can be verified by new observations. A physical theory differs from a mathematical theorem in that while both are based on some form of axioms, judgment of mathematical applicability is not based on agreement with any experimental results.[3]\[4] A physical theory similarly differs from a mathematical theory, in the sense that the word \"theory\" has a different meaning in mathematical terms.[b]\n\nR i c \\= k g {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {Ric} =kg}  The equations for an Einstein manifold, used in general relativity to describe the curvature of spacetime\n\nA physical theory involves one or more relationships between various measurable quantities. Archimedes realized that a ship floats by displacing its mass of water, Pythagoras understood the relation between the length of a vibrating string and the musical tone it produces.[5]\[6] Other examples include entropy as a measure of the uncertainty regarding the positions and motions of unseen particles and the quantum mechanical idea that (action and) energy are not continuously variable.\nTheoretical physics consists of several different approaches. In this regard, theoretical particle physics forms a good example. For instance: \"phenomenologists\" might employ (semi-) empirical formulas and heuristics to agree with experimental results, often without deep physical understanding.[c] \"Modelers\" (also called \"model-builders\") often appear much like phenomenologists, but try to model speculative theories that have certain desirable features (rather than on experimental data), or apply the techniques of mathematical modeling to physics problems.[d] Some attempt to create approximate theories, called effective theories, because fully developed theories may be regarded as unsolvable or too complicated. Other theorists may try to unify, formalise, reinterpret or generalise extant theories, or create completely new ones altogether.[e] Sometimes the vision provided by pure mathematical systems can provide clues to how a physical system might be modeled;[f] e.g., the notion, due to Riemann and others, that space itself might be curved. Theoretical problems that need computational investigation are often the concern of computational physics.\nTheoretical advances may consist in setting aside old, incorrect paradigms (e.g., aether theory of light propagation, caloric theory of heat, burning consisting of evolving phlogiston, or astronomical bodies revolving around the Earth) or may be an alternative model that provides answers that are more accurate or that can be more widely applied. In the latter case, a correspondence principle will be required to recover the previously known result.[7]\[8] Sometimes though, advances may proceed along different paths. For example, an essentially correct theory may need some conceptual or factual revisions; atomic theory, first postulated millennia ago (by several thinkers in Greece and India) and the two-fluid theory of electricity[9] are two cases in this point. However, an exception to all the above is the wave–particle duality, a theory combining aspects of different, opposing models via the Bohr complementarity principle.\n\nRelationship between mathematics and physics\nPhysical theories become accepted if they are able to make correct predictions and no (or few) incorrect ones. The theory should have, at least as a secondary objective, a certain economy and elegance (compare to mathematical beauty), a notion sometimes called \"Occam's razor\" after the 13th-century English philosopher William of Occam (or Ockham), in which the simpler of two theories that describe the same matter just as adequately is preferred (but conceptual simplicity may mean mathematical complexity).[10] They are also more likely to be accepted if they connect a wide range of phenomena. Testing the consequences of a theory is part of the scientific method.\nPhysical theories can be grouped into three categories: mainstream theories, proposed theories and fringe theories.\nHistory\n[edit]\nFurther information: History of physics\nTheoretical physics began at least 2,300 years ago, under the Pre-socratic philosophy, and continued by Plato and Aristotle, whose views held sway for a millennium. During the rise of medieval universities, the only acknowledged intellectual disciplines were the seven liberal arts of the Trivium like grammar, logic, and rhetoric and of the Quadrivium like arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, the concept of experimental science, the counterpoint to theory, began with scholars such as Ibn al-Haytham and Francis Bacon. As the Scientific Revolution gathered pace, the concepts of matter, energy, space, time and causality slowly began to acquire the form we know today, and other sciences spun off from the rubric of natural philosophy. Thus began the modern era of theory with the Copernican paradigm shift in astronomy, soon followed by Johannes Kepler's expressions for planetary orbits, which summarized the meticulous observations of Tycho Brahe; the works of these men (alongside Galileo's) can perhaps be considered to constitute the Scientific Revolution.\nThe great push toward the modern concept of explanation started with Galileo, one of the few physicists who was both a consummate theoretician and a great experimentalist. The analytic geometry and mechanics of Descartes were incorporated into the calculus and mechanics of Isaac Newton, another theoretician/experimentalist of the highest order, writing Principia Mathematica.[11] In it contained a grand synthesis of the work of Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler; as well as Newton's theories of mechanics and gravitation, which held sway as worldviews until the early 20th century. Simultaneously, progress was also made in optics (in particular colour theory and the ancient science of geometrical optics), courtesy of Newton, Descartes and the Dutchmen Snell and Huygens. In the 18th and 19th centuries Joseph-Louis Lagrange, Leonhard Euler and William Rowan Hamilton would extend the theory of classical mechanics considerably.[12] They picked up the interactive intertwining of mathematics and physics begun two millennia earlier by Pythagoras.\nAmong the great conceptual achievements of the 19th and 20th centuries were the consolidation of the idea of energy (as well as its global conservation) by the inclusion of heat, electricity and magnetism, and then light. The laws of thermodynamics, and most importantly the introduction of the singular concept of entropy began to provide a macroscopic explanation for the properties of matter. Statistical mechanics (followed by statistical physics and Quantum statistical mechanics) emerged as an offshoot of thermodynamics late in the 19th century. Another important event in the 19th century was the discovery of electromagnetic theory, unifying the previously separate phenomena of electricity, magnetism and light.\nThe pillars of modern physics, and perhaps the most revolutionary theories in the history of physics, have been relativity theory and quantum mechanics. Newtonian mechanics was subsumed under special relativity and Newton's gravity was given a kinematic explanation by general relativity. Quantum mechanics led to an understanding of blackbody radiation (which indeed, was an original motivation for the theory) and of anomalies in the specific heats of solids — and finally to an understanding of the internal structures of atoms and molecules. Quantum mechanics soon gave way to the formulation of quantum field theory (QFT), begun in the late 1920s. In the aftermath of World War 2, more progress brought much renewed interest in QFT, which had since the early efforts, stagnated. The same period also saw fresh attacks on the problems of superconductivity and phase transitions, as well as the first applications of QFT in the area of theoretical condensed matter. The 1960s and 70s saw the formulation of the Standard model of particle physics using QFT and progress in condensed matter physics (theoretical foundations of superconductivity and critical phenomena, among others), in parallel to the applications of relativity to problems in astronomy and cosmology respectively.\nAll of these achievements depended on the theoretical physics as a moving force both to suggest experiments and to consolidate results — often by ingenious application of existing mathematics, or, as in the case of Descartes and Newton (with Leibniz), by inventing new mathematics. Fourier's studies of heat conduction led to a new branch of mathematics: infinite, orthogonal series.[13]\nModern theoretical physics attempts to unify theories and explain phenomena in further attempts to understand the Universe, from the cosmological to the elementary particle scale. Where experimentation cannot be done, theoretical physics still tries to advance through the use of mathematical models.\nMainstream theories\n[edit]\nMainstream theories (sometimes referred to as central theories) are the body of knowledge of both factual and scientific views and possess a usual scientific quality of the tests of repeatability, consistency with existing well-established science and experimentation. There do exist mainstream theories that are generally accepted theories based solely upon their effects explaining a wide variety of data, although the detection, explanation, and possible composition are subjects of debate.\nExamples\n[edit]\n\nBig Bang\nChaos theory\nClassical mechanics\nClassical field theory\nDynamo theory\nField theory\nGinzburg–Landau theory\nKinetic theory of gases\nClassical electromagnetism\nPerturbation theory (quantum mechanics)\nPhysical cosmology\nQuantum chromodynamics\nQuantum complexity theory\nQuantum electrodynamics\nQuantum field theory\nQuantum field theory in curved spacetime\nQuantum information theory\nQuantum mechanics\nQuantum thermodynamics\nRelativistic quantum mechanics\nScattering theory\nStandard Model\nStatistical physics\nTheory of relativity\nWave–particle duality\n\nProposed theories\n[edit]\nThe proposed theories of physics are usually relatively new theories which deal with the study of physics which include scientific approaches, means for determining the validity of models and new types of reasoning used to arrive at the theory. However, some proposed theories include theories that have been around for decades and have eluded methods of discovery and testing. Proposed theories can include fringe theories in the process of becoming established (and, sometimes, gaining wider acceptance). Proposed theories usually have not been tested. In addition to the theories like those listed below, there are also different interpretations of quantum mechanics, which may or may not be considered different theories since it is debatable whether they yield different predictions for physical experiments, even in principle. For example, AdS/CFT correspondence, Chern–Simons theory, graviton, magnetic monopole, string theory, theory of everything.\nFringe theories\n[edit]\nFringe theories include any new area of scientific endeavor in the process of becoming established and some proposed theories. It can include speculative sciences. This includes physics fields and physical theories presented in accordance with known evidence, and a body of associated predictions have been made according to that theory.\nSome fringe theories go on to become a widely accepted part of physics. Other fringe theories end up being disproven. Some fringe theories are a form of protoscience and others are a form of pseudoscience. The falsification of the original theory sometimes leads to reformulation of the theory.\nExamples\n[edit]\n\nAether (classical element)\nLuminiferous aether\n\n\nDigital physics\nElectrogravitics\nStochastic electrodynamics\nTesla's dynamic theory of gravity\n\nThought experiments vs real experiments\n[edit]\nMain article: Thought experiment\n\"Thought\" experiments are situations created in one's mind, asking a question akin to \"suppose you are in this situation, assuming such is true, what would follow?\". They are usually created to investigate phenomena that are not readily experienced in every-day situations. Famous examples of such thought experiments are Schrödinger's cat, the EPR thought experiment, simple illustrations of time dilation, and so on. These usually lead to real experiments designed to verify that the conclusion (and therefore the assumptions) of the thought experiments are correct. The EPR thought experiment led to the Bell inequalities, which were then tested to various degrees of rigor, leading to the acceptance of the current formulation of quantum mechanics and probabilism as a working hypothesis.\nSee also\n[edit]\n\nList of theoretical physicists\nPhilosophy of physics\nSymmetry in quantum mechanics\nTimeline of developments in theoretical physics\nDouble field theory\n\nNotes\n[edit]\n\n^ There is some debate as to whether or not theoretical physics uses mathematics to build intuition and illustrativeness to extract physical insight (especially when normal experience fails), rather than as a tool in formalizing theories. This links to the question of it using mathematics in a less formally rigorous, and more intuitive or heuristic way than, say, mathematical physics.\n^ Sometimes the word \"theory\" can be used ambiguously in this sense, not to describe scientific theories, but research (sub)fields and programmes. Examples: relativity theory, quantum field theory, string theory.\n^ The work of Johann Balmer and Johannes Rydberg in spectroscopy, and the semi-empirical mass formula of nuclear physics are good candidates for examples of this approach.\n^ The Ptolemaic and Copernican models of the Solar system, the Bohr model of hydrogen atoms and nuclear shell model are good candidates for examples of this approach.\n^ Arguably these are the most celebrated theories in physics: Newton's theory of gravitation, Einstein's theory of relativity and Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism share some of these attributes.\n^ This approach is often favoured by (pure) mathematicians and mathematical physicists.\n\nReferences\n[edit]\n\n^ van Dongen, Jeroen (2009). \"On the role of the Michelson-Morley experiment: Einstein in Chicago\". Archive for History of Exact Sciences. 63 (6): 655–663. arXiv:0908.1545. doi:10.1007/s00407-009-0050-5.\n^ \"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1921\". The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 2008-10-09.\n^ Theorems and Theories Archived 2014-08-19 at the Wayback Machine, Sam Nelson.\n^ Mark C. Chu-Carroll, March 13, 2007:Theories, Theorems, Lemmas, and Corollaries. Good Math, Bad Math blog.\n^ Singiresu S. Rao (2007). Vibration of Continuous Systems (illustrated ed.). John Wiley & Sons. 5,12. ISBN 978-0471771715. ISBN 9780471771715\n^ Eli Maor (2007). The Pythagorean Theorem: A 4,000-year History (illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. pp. 18–20. ISBN 978-0691125268. ISBN 9780691125268\n^ Bokulich, Alisa, \"Bohr's Correspondence Principle\", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2014 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.)\n^ Enc. Britannica (1994), pg 844.\n^ Enc. Britannica (1994), pg 834.\n^ Simplicity in the Philosophy of Science (retrieved 19 Aug 2014), Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.\n^ See 'Correspondence of Isaac Newton, vol.2, 1676–1687' ed. H W Turnbull, Cambridge University Press 1960; at page 297, document #235, letter from Hooke to Newton dated 24 November 1679.\n^ Penrose, R (2004). The Road to Reality. Jonathan Cape. p. 471.\n^ Penrose, R (2004). \"9: Fourier decompositions and hyperfunctions\". The Road to Reality. Jonathan Cape.\n\nFurther reading\n[edit]\n\nPhysical Sciences. Encyclopædia Britannica (Macropaedia). Vol. 25 (15th ed.). 1994.\nDuhem, Pierre. La théorie physique - Son objet, sa structure, (in French). 2nd edition - 1914. English translation: The physical theory - its purpose, its structure. Republished by Joseph Vrin philosophical bookstore (1981), ISBN 2711602214.\nFeynman, et al. The Feynman Lectures on Physics (3 vol.). First edition: Addison–Wesley, (1964, 1966).\n\nBestselling three-volume textbook covering the span of physics. Reference for both (under)graduate student and professional researcher alike.\n\nLandau et al. Course of Theoretical Physics.\n\nFamous series of books dealing with theoretical concepts in physics covering 10 volumes, translated into many languages and reprinted over many editions. Often known simply as \"Landau and Lifschits\" or \"Landau-Lifschits\" in the literature.\n\nLongair, MS. Theoretical Concepts in Physics: An Alternative View of Theoretical Reasoning in Physics. Cambridge University Press; 2d edition (4 Dec 2003). ISBN 052152878X. ISBN 978-0521528788\nPlanck, Max (1909). Eight Lectures on theoretical physics. Library of Alexandria. ISBN 1465521887, ISBN 9781465521880.\n\nA set of lectures given in 1909 at Columbia University.\n\nSommerfeld, Arnold. Vorlesungen über theoretische Physik (Lectures on Theoretical Physics); German, 6 volumes.\n\nA series of lessons from a master educator of theoretical physicists.\nExternal links\n[edit]\n\nWikibooks has a book on the topic of: Introduction to Theoretical Physics\n\nMIT Center for Theoretical Physics\nHow to become a GOOD Theoretical Physicist, a website made by Gerard 't Hooft\n\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nTheoretical physics\n|\n| --- |\n| Structure | \n\nPhysics\nModern\nTheoretical\nExperimental\nComputational\n\n\nTheory\nList of theoretical physicists\nPhilosophy of physics\nTimeline of developments in theoretical physics\n\n|\n| Concepts | \n\nDouble field theory\nT-duality\nInstanton\nSelf-organized criticality\nSupersymmetry\nSymmetry in quantum mechanics\nDimensionless physical constant\n\n|\n| Theories and disciplines | \n\nRelativistic mechanics\nSpecial\nGeneral\n\n\nNuclear physics\nParticle physics\nQuantum mechanics\nString theory\n\n|\n| Subatomic | \n\nQuantum field theory\nSchrödinger equation\n\n|\n| Spaces and objects | \n\nTopological space\nList of manifolds\nKnot (mathematics)\nPoisson manifold\nDifferentiable manifold\nGeneral topology\n\n|\n| Particles | \n\nBosons\nGluons\nMesons\n\n\nFermions\nQuarks\nLeptons\n\n\nChirality\nin physics\n\n\nHelicity\nQuasiparticle\n\n|\n| Processes, interactions | \n\nStrong interaction\nWeak interaction\nNuclear force\nFifth force\nMontonen–Olive duality\n\n|\n| Spacetime | \n\nWormhole\nOrientability\nCauchy horizon\nQuantum mechanics of time travel\nQuantum gravity\nChronology protection conjecture\nCausal dynamical triangulation\nRetrocausality\nTime reversal symmetry\nWheeler–Feynman time-symmetric theory\nMinkowski spacetime\nTime in physics\nFour-dimensionalism\nTipler time machine\n\n|\n| Mathematics | \n\nTensors\nLanglands program\nRiemann zeta function\n\n|\n| Classic physics | \n\nPhysics\nResearch\n\n\nApplied\nEngineering\n\n\nAtomic, molecular, and optical physics\nAtomic\nMolecular\nModern optics\n\n\nElectrodynamics\nMechanics\nCondensed matter physics\nSolid-state physics\nCrystallography\n\n\n\n|\n| Other namespaces | \n\nTemplates: {{Relativity}}\n{{Time travel}}\nCategories: Topological spaces\nFiction about physics\n\n|\n| Related | \n\nGravity\nStrong force\nWeak force\n\n|\n| \n*   v\n*   t\n*   e\nMajor branches of physics\n|\n| --- |\n| Divisions | \n\nPure\nApplied\nEngineering\n\n\n\n|\n| Approaches | \n\nExperimental\nTheoretical\nComputational\n\n\n\n|\n| Classical | \n\nClassical mechanics\nNewtonian\nAnalytical\nCelestial\nContinuum\n\n\nAcoustics\nClassical electromagnetism\nClassical optics\nRay\nWave\n\n\nThermodynamics\nStatistical\nNon-equilibrium\n\n\n\n|\n| Modern | \n\nRelativistic mechanics\nSpecial\nGeneral\n\n\nNuclear physics\nParticle physics\nQuantum mechanics\nAtomic, molecular, and optical physics\nAtomic\nMolecular\nModern optics\n\n\nCondensed matter physics\nSolid-state physics\nCrystallography\n\n\n\n|\n| Interdisciplinary | \n\nAstrophysics\nAtmospheric physics\nBiophysics\nChemical physics\nGeophysics\nMaterials science\nMathematical physics\nMedical physics\nOcean physics\nQuantum information science\n\n|\n| Related | \n\nHistory of physics\nNobel Prize in Physics\nPhilosophy of physics\nPhysics education\nresearch\n\n\nTimeline of physics discoveries\n\n|\nAuthority control databases: National GermanyJapanCzech Republic\nRetrieved from \"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theoretical_physics&oldid=1276330074\"\nCategory:\n\nTheoretical physics\n\nHidden categories:\n\nWebarchive template wayback links\nArticles with short description\n\nShort description is different from Wikidata\n\n\nThis page was last edited on 18 February 2025, at 05:59 (UTC).\n\n\nText is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.\n\n\nPrivacy policy\n\nAbout Wikipedia\nDisclaimers\nContact Wikipedia\nCode of Conduct\nDevelopers\nStatistics\nCookie statement\n\nMobile view\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSearch\nSearch\nToggle the table of contents\nTheoretical physics\n\n77 languages Add topic", "images": []}], "failed_results": [], "response_time": 0.01}
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Here is a summary of the content from the Wikipedia pages on Albert Einstein and Theoretical Physics:

### Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist renowned for developing the theory of relativity, which revolutionized our understanding of space, time, and energy. His mass-energy equivalence formula, E=mc², is one of the most famous equations in physics. Einstein received the 1921 Nobel Prize in Physics for his explanation of the photoelectric effect, which was pivotal in establishing quantum theory.

Einstein's early life was marked by a deep interest in mathematics and physics, leading him to study at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic in Zurich. He worked at the Swiss Patent Office while developing his theories. His "miracle year" in 1905 saw the publication of four groundbreaking papers, including those on special relativity and the photoelectric effect.

Throughout his career, Einstein made significant contributions to statistical mechanics, quantum theory, and cosmology. He was a vocal advocate for civil rights and pacifism, and he played a role in alerting the U.S. to the potential of nuclear weapons during World War II. Einstein spent his later years at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey, where he continued to work on a unified field theory until his death in 1955.

### Theoretical Physics
Theoretical physics is a branch of physics that uses mathematical models and abstractions to explain and predict natural phenomena. It contrasts with experimental physics, which uses empirical methods to test these theories. Theoretical physics has been instrumental in developing major scientific theories, such as relativity and quantum mechanics.

The field involves creating models to describe physical events and is judged by how well these models predict empirical observations. Theoretical physics has a rich history, dating back to ancient philosophers and evolving significantly during the Scientific Revolution with figures like Galileo and Newton.

Modern theoretical physics seeks to unify existing theories and explore new concepts, often using advanced mathematics. It includes mainstream theories like the Big Bang, chaos theory, and quantum mechanics, as well as proposed and fringe theories that are still under investigation. Thought experiments, such as Schrödinger's cat, play a crucial role in theoretical physics by exploring scenarios that are not easily tested in reality.

Both pages highlight the interplay between theory and experimentation in advancing our understanding of the universe, with Einstein's work serving as a prime example of theoretical physics' impact.
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